Menschenrechte in Lateinamerika: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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Auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent nahm man dies als Beispiel, um ein eigenes inter-amerikanisches Menschenrecht zu verfassen. Vorlage für diese "Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention" waren neben der allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte und dem Zivilpakt vor allem die europäische Menschenrechtskonvention. Dieses s.g. regionale Menschenrecht gilt nach seinem europäischen Vorbild, als das erfolgreichste Modell zur Herstellung des Menschenrechts. -- Allerdings wurden regionale Modelle erst Ende der 1990er Jahre formal von der UN anerkannt. -- (Prüfen!)
Auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent nahm man dies als Beispiel, um ein eigenes inter-amerikanisches Menschenrecht zu verfassen. Vorlage für diese "Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention" waren neben der allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte und dem Zivilpakt vor allem die europäische Menschenrechtskonvention. Dieses s.g. regionale Menschenrecht gilt nach seinem europäischen Vorbild, als das erfolgreichste Modell zur Herstellung des Menschenrechts. -- Allerdings wurden regionale Modelle erst Ende der 1990er Jahre formal von der UN anerkannt. -- (Prüfen!)


== Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention ==
== Indo-Amerikanisches Menschenrechts-System ==


=== Inhalt ===
=== Rechte & Freiheiten der amerikanischen Menschenrechtskonvention ===


Die Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention (auch '''Pact of San José'''; Abk. '''CADH'''; Engl.: ''American Convention on Human Rights''; Spanisch: ''Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos''; Franz.: ''Convention américaine relative aux droits de l'homme''; Port.: ''Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos'') zählt in seinem Kapitel II insgesamt 23 zivile und politische Menschenrechte. Hierzu zählt das [[Recht auf Anerkennung der Person vor dem Gesetz]] (Art. 3 CADH), das [[Recht auf Leben]] (Art. 4 CADH), das [[Menschenwürde | Recht auf menschenwürdige Behandlung]] (Art. 5 CADH), das [[Recht auf Freiheit vor Sklaverei]] (Art. 6 CADH), das [[Freiheit | Recht auf persönliche Freiheit]] (Art. 7 CADH), das [[Recht auf ein faires Gerichtsverfahren]] (Art. 8 CADH), die [[ex post facto | Freiheit vor "ex post facto"-Gesetzen]] (Art. 9 CADH), das [[Recht auf Kompensation]] (Art. 10 CADH), das [[Privatsphäre | Recht auf Privatheit]] (Art. 11 CADH), die [[Gewissensfreiheit | Freiheit von Gewissen]] und [[Religionsfreiheit | Religion]] (Art. 12 CADH), die [[Meinungsfreiheit | Freiheit von Gedanken]] und [[Pressefreiheit | Ausdruck]] (Art. 13 CADH), das [[Recht auf Klarstellung]] (Art. 14 CADH), das [[Versammlungsfreiheit | Recht zur Versammlung]] (Art. 15 CADH), das [[Vereinigungsfreiheit | Recht auf Vereinigung]] (Art. 16 CADH), die [[Familienrechte | Rechte der Familie]] (Art. 17 CADH), das [[Recht auf einen Namen]] (Art. 18 CADH), die [[Kinderrechte | Rechte der Kinder]] (Art. 19 CADH), das [[Recht auf Nationalität]] (Art. 20 CADH), das [[Eigentumsrecht | Recht auf Eigentum]] (Art. 21 CADH), die [[Bewegungsrecht | Freiheit der Bewegung]] und des [[Niederlassungsrecht | Niederlassens]]  (Art. 22 CADH), das [[Recht auf politische Partizipation | Recht auf Beteiligung an einer Regierung]] (Art. 23 CADH), das [[Egalität vor dem Gesetz | Recht der Gleichbehandlung vor dem Gesetz]] (Art. 24 CADH) und das [[Rechtsschutzanspruch | Recht auf Rechtsschutz]] (Art. 25 CADH).


Generelle Rechte: Recht auf Anerkennung als juristische Person (Art. 3), Recht auf Leben (Art. 4), Recht auf menschenwürdige Behandlung (Art. 5), Freiheit vor Sklaverei (Art. 6), Recht auf persönliche Freiheit (Art. 7), Recht auf faire Verfahren (Art. 8), Freiheit vor ''Ex Post Facto'' Gesetzen (Art. 9), Recht auf Kompensation (Art. 10), Recht auf Privatsphäre (Art. 11), Freiheit von Gewissen und Religion (Art. 12), Meinungs- und Pressefreiheit (Art. 13), Recht auf Gegendarstellung (Art. 14), Versammlungsrecht (Art. 15), Vereinigungsrecht (Art. 16), Familienrechte (Art. 17), Recht auf einen Namen (Art. 18), Kinderrechte (Art. 19), Recht auf Nationalität (Art. 20), Eigentumsrecht (Art. 21), Bewegungsfreiheit und Bleiberecht (Art. 22), Recht auf Regierungspartizipation (Art. 23), Gleichberechtigung beim Schutz (Art. 24) und Recht auf Rechtsvertretung (Art. 25).


Entwicklungsprogress: Protocol of Buenos Aires
In Kapitel IV wird die Aussetzung, Interpretation und Anwendung der genannten Rechte geregelt. Demnach stehen die genannten Rechte und Freiheiten ausdrücklich ''nicht'' in Konkurrenz zu anderen Rechten und Freiheiten auf nationaler oder internationaler Ebene und sollen nicht zur Beschränkung solcher benutzt werden (Art. 28 bis 30 CADH). Eine Erweiterung der Konvention wird durch Artikel 31 und nach 76 und 77 in Aussicht gestellt.
Artikel 27 legt fest, dass in Zeiten des Krieges, der öffentlichen Gefährdung oder anderen unabhägigkeits- und sicheiheitsgefährdenden Notlagen, die Nationalstaaten von den genannten Rechten abweichen dürfen. Jedoch gilt dies nicht für anderes internationale Recht (bspw. die Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte); für Diskrimination auf Grund von "''race, color, sex, language, religion, or social origin''" (Art. 27,1 CADH); sowie den Rechten und Freiheiten aus den Artikeln 3 bis 6, 9, 12, 17 bis 20 und 23 CADH.


CHAPTER IV - SUSPENSION OF GUARANTEES, INTERPRETATION, AND APPLICATION
Darüber hinaus ist nach Kapitel V jede Person ihrer Familie, Gesellschaft und der Menschheit verpflichtet (Art. 32,1 CADH). Die Rechte des Einzelnen sind durch die Rechte anderer, die Sicherheit aller und den Anforderungen des allgemeinen Wohlergehens in demokratischen Gesellschaften limitiert (Art. 32,2 CADH). Damit bekennen sich die Unterzeichnerstaaten zu Demokratie und freiheitlichen Grundrechten, wie sie in der westlichen Hemisphäre üblich sind.


Article 27. Suspension of Guarantees


1.   In time of war, public danger, or other emergency that threatens the independence or security of a State Party, it may take measures derogating from its obligations under the present Convention to the extent and for the period of time strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with its other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination on the ground of race, color, sex, language, religion, or social origin.
Durch das Zusatzprotokoll von San Salvador gilt (sofern ratifiziert) seit 1988 zusätzlich das [[Recht auf Arbeit]] (Art. 6), das [[Recht auf gerechte, angemessene und befriedigende Arbeitskonditionen]] (Art. 7), [[Gewerkschaftsrecht]]e (Art. 8), das [[Recht auf soziale Sicherung]] (Art. 9), das [[Recht auf Gesundheit]] (Art. 10), das [[Umweltschutz | Recht auf eine gesunde Umwelt]] (Art. 11), das [[Recht auf Nahrung]] (Art. 12), das [[Recht auf Bildung]] (Art. 13), das [[Recht auf die Teilhabe an den Vorzügen der Kultur]] (Art. 14), das [[Familienrechte | Recht auf Gründung und Schutz der Familien]] (Art. 15), die [[Kinderrechte | (erweiterten) Rechte der Kinder]] (Art. 16), der [[Altenrechte | Schutz der Älteren]] (im Sinne von ''alten und gebrechlichen'' Menschen, Art. 17) und der [[Behindertenrechte | Schutz der Benachteiligten]] (im Sinne von ''Menschen mit Behinderung'', Art. 18).
 
2.    The foregoing provision does not authorize any suspension of the following articles: Article 3 (Right to Juridical Personality), Article 4 (Right to Life), Article 5 (Right to Humane Treatment), Article 6 (Freedom from Slavery), Article 9 (Freedom from Ex Post Facto Laws), Article 12 (Freedom of Conscience and Religion), Article 17 (Rights of the Family), Article 18 (Right to a Name), Article 19 (Rights of the Child), Article 20 (Right to Nationality), and Article 23 (Right to Participate in Government), or of the judicial guarantees essential for the protection of such rights.
 
3.    Any State Party availing itself of the right of suspension shall immediately inform the other States Parties, through the Secretary General of the Organization of American States, of the provisions the application of which it has suspended, the reasons that gave rise to the suspension, and the date set for the termination of such suspension.
 
Article 28. Federal Clause
 
1.    Where a State Party is constituted as a federal state, the national government of such State Party shall implement all the provisions of the Convention over whose subject matter it exercises legislative and judicial jurisdiction.
 
2.    With respect to the provisions over whose subject matter the constituent units of the federal state have jurisdiction, the national government shall immediately take suitable measures, in accordance with its constitution and its laws, to the end that the competent authorities of the constituent units may adopt appropriate provisions for the fulfillment of this Convention.
 
3.    Whenever two or more States Parties agree to form a federation or other type of association, they shall take care that the resulting federal or other compact contains the provisions necessary for continuing and rendering effective the standards of this Convention in the new state that is organized.
 
Article 29. Restrictions Regarding Interpretation
 
No provision of this Convention shall be interpreted as:
 
a.    permitting any State Party, group, or person to suppress the enjoyment or exercise of the rights and freedoms recognized in this Convention or to restrict them to a greater extent than is provided for herein;
 
b.    restricting the enjoyment or exercise of any right or freedom recognized by virtue of the laws of any State Party or by virtue of another convention to which one of the said states is a party;
 
c.    precluding other rights or guarantees that are inherent in the human personality or derived from representative democracy as a form of government; or
 
d.    excluding or limiting the effect that the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and other international acts of the same nature may have.
 
Article 30. Scope of Restrictions
 
The restrictions that, pursuant to this Convention, may be placed on the enjoyment or exercise of the rights or freedoms recognized herein may not be applied except in accordance with laws enacted for reasons of general interest and in accordance with the purpose for which such restrictions have been established.
 
Article 31. Recognition of Other Rights
 
Other rights and freedoms recognized in accordance with the procedures established in Articles 76 and 77 may be included in the system of protection of this Convention.
 
CHAPTER V - PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
 
Article 32. Relationship between Duties and Rights
 
1.    Every person has responsibilities to his family, his community, and mankind.
 
2.    The rights of each person are limited by the rights of others, by the security of all, and by the just demands of the general welfare, in a democratic society.
 
PART II - MEANS OF PROTECTION
 
CHAPTER VI - COMPETENT ORGANS
 
Article 33
 
The following organs shall have competence with respect to matters relating to the fulfillment of the commitments made by the States Parties to this Convention:
 
a.    the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, referred to as "The Commission;" and
 
b.    the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, referred to as "The Court."
 
CHAPTER VII - INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
 
Section 1. Organization
 
Article 34
 
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights shall be composed of seven members, who shall be persons of high moral character and recognized competence in the field of human rights.
 
Article 35
 
The Commission shall represent all the member countries of the Organization of American States.
 
Article 36
 
1.    The members of the Commission shall be elected in a personal capacity by the General Assembly of the Organization from a list of candidates proposed by the governments of the member states.
 
2. Each of those governments may propose up to three candidates, who may be nationals of the states proposing them or of any other member state of the Organization of American States. When a slate of three is proposed, at least one of the candidates shall be a national of a state other than the one proposing the slate.
 
Article 37
 
1.    The members of the Commission shall be elected for a term of four years and may be reelected only once, but the terms of three of the members chosen in the first election shall expire at the end of two years. Immediately following that election the General Assembly shall determine the names of those three members by lot.
 
2.    No two nationals of the same state may be members of the Commission.
 
Article 38
 
Vacancies that may occur on the Commission for reasons other than the normal expiration of a term shall be filled by the Permanent Council of the Organization in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Commission.
 
Article 39
 
The Commission shall prepare its Statute, which it shall submit to the General Assembly for approval. It shall establish its own Regulations.
 
Article 40
 
Secretariat services for the Commission shall be furnished by the appropriate specialized unit of the General Secretariat of the Organization. This unit shall be provided with the resources required to accomplish the tasks assigned to it by the Commission.
 
Section 2. Functions
 
Article 41
 
The main function of the Commission shall be to promote respect for and defense of human rights. In the exercise of its mandate, it shall have the following functions and powers:
 
a.    to develop an awareness of human rights among the peoples of America;
 
b.    to make recommendations to the governments of the member states, when it considers such action advisable, for the adoption of progressive measures in favor of human rights within the framework of their domestic law and constitutional provisions as well as appropriate measures to further the observance of those rights;
 
c.    to prepare such studies or reports as it considers advisable in the performance of its duties;
 
d.    to request the governments of the member states to supply it with information on the measures adopted by them in matters of human rights;
 
e.    to respond, through the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States, to inquiries made by the member states on matters related to human rights and, within the limits of its possibilities, to provide those states with the advisory services they request;
 
f.    to take action on petitions and other communications pursuant to its authority under the provisions of Articles 44 through 51 of this Convention; and
 
g.    to submit an annual report to the General Assembly of the Organization of American States.
 
Article 42
 
The States Parties shall transmit to the Commission a copy of each of the reports and studies that they submit annually to the Executive Committees of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council and the Inter-American Council for Education, Science, and Culture, in their respective fields, so that the Commission may watch over the promotion of the rights implicit in the economic, social, educational, scientific, and cultural standards set forth in the Charter of the Organization of American States as amended by the Protocol of Buenos Aires.
 
Article 43
 
The States Parties undertake to provide the Commission with such information as it may request of them as to the manner in which their domestic law ensures the effective application of any provisions of this Convention.
 
Section 3. Competence
 
Article 44
 
Any person or group of persons, or any nongovernmental entity legally recognized in one or more member states of the Organization, may lodge petitions with the Commission containing denunciations or complaints of violation of this Convention by a State Party.
 
Article 45
 
1.    Any State Party may, when it deposits its instrument of ratification of or adherence to this Convention, or at any later time, declare that it recognizes the competence of the Commission to receive and examine communications in which a State Party alleges that another State Party has committed a violation of a human right set forth in this Convention.
 
2.    Communications presented by virtue of this article may be admitted and examined only if they are presented by a State Party that has made a declaration recognizing the aforementioned competence of the Commission. The Commission shall not admit any communication against a State Party that has not made such a declaration.
 
3.    A declaration concerning recognition of competence may be made to be valid for an indefinite time, for a specified period, or for a specific case.
 
4.    Declarations shall be deposited with the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States, which shall transmit copies thereof to the member states of that Organization.
 
Article 46
 
1.    Admission by the Commission of a petition or communication lodged in accordance with Articles 44 or 45 shall be subject to the following requirements:
 
a.    that the remedies under domestic law have been pursued and exhausted in accordance with generally recognized principles of international law;
 
b.    that the petition or communication is lodged within a period of six months from the date on which the party alleging violation of his rights was notified of the final judgment;
 
c.    that the subject of the petition or communication is not pending in another international proceeding for settlement; and
 
d.    that, in the case of Article 44, the petition contains the name, nationality, profession, domicile, and signature of the person or persons or of the legal representative of the entity lodging the petition.
 
2.    The provisions of paragraphs 1.a and 1.b of this article shall not be applicable when:
 
a.    the domestic legislation of the state concerned does not afford due process of law for the protection of the right or rights that have allegedly been violated;
 
b.    the party alleging violation of his rights has been denied access to the remedies under domestic law or has been prevented from exhausting them; or
 
c.    there has been unwarranted delay in rendering a final judgment under the aforementioned remedies.
 
Article 47
 
The Commission shall consider inadmissible any petition or communication submitted under Articles 44 or 45 if:
 
a.    any of the requirements indicated in Article 46 has not been met;
 
b.    the petition or communication does not state facts that tend to establish a violation of the rights guaranteed by this Convention;
 
c.    the statements of the petitioner or of the state indicate that the petition or communication is manifestly groundless or obviously out of order; or
 
d.    the petition or communication is substantially the same as one previously studied by the Commission or by another international organization.
 
Section 4. Procedure
 
Article 48
 
1.    When the Commission receives a petition or communication alleging violation of any of the rights protected by this Convention, it shall proceed as follows:
 
a.    If it considers the petition or communication admissible, it shall request information from the government of the state indicated as being responsible for the alleged violations and shall furnish that government a transcript of the pertinent portions of the petition or communication. This information shall be submitted within a reasonable period to be determined by the Commission in accordance with the circumstances of each case.
 
b.    After the information has been received, or after the period established has elapsed and the information has not been received, the Commission shall ascertain whether the grounds for the petition or communication still exist. If they do not, the Commission shall order the record to be closed.
 
c.    The Commission may also declare the petition or communication inadmissible or out of order on the basis of information or evidence subsequently received.
 
d.    If the record has not been closed, the Commission shall, with the knowledge of the parties, examine the matter set forth in the petition or communication in order to verify the facts. If necessary and advisable, the Commission shall carry out an investigation, for the effective conduct of which it shall request, and the states concerned shall furnish to it, all necessary facilities.
 
e.    The Commission may request the states concerned to furnish any pertinent information and, if so requested, shall hear oral statements or receive written statements from the parties concerned.
 
f.    The Commission shall place itself at the disposal of the parties concerned with a view to reaching a friendly settlement of the matter on the basis of respect for the human rights recognized in this Convention.
 
2.    However, in serious and urgent cases, only the presentation of a petition or communication that fulfills all the formal requirements of admissibility shall be necessary in order for the Commission to conduct an investigation with the prior consent of the state in whose territory a violation has allegedly been committed.
 
Article 49
 
If a friendly settlement has been reached in accordance with paragraph 1.f of Article 48, the Commission shall draw up a report, which shall be transmitted to the petitioner and to the States Parties to this Convention, and shall then be communicated to the Secretary General of the Organization of American States for publication. This report shall contain a brief statement of the facts and of the solution reached. If any party in the case so requests, the fullest possible information shall be provided to it.
 
Article 50
 
1.    If a settlement is not reached, the Commission shall, within the time limit established by its Statute, draw up a report setting forth the facts and stating its conclusions. If the report, in whole or in part, does not represent the unanimous agreement of the members of the Commission, any member may attach to it a separate opinion. The written and oral statements made by the parties in accordance with paragraph 1.e of Article 48 shall also be attached to the report.
 
2.    The report shall be transmitted to the states concerned, which shall not be at liberty to publish it.
 
3.    In transmitting the report, the Commission may make such proposals and recommendations as it sees fit.
 
Article 51
 
1.    If, within a period of three months from the date of the transmittal of the report of the Commission to the states concerned, the matter has not either been settled or submitted by the Commission or by the state concerned to the Court and its jurisdiction accepted, the Commission may, by the vote of an absolute majority of its members, set forth its opinion and conclusions concerning the question submitted for its consideration.
 
2.    Where appropriate, the Commission shall make pertinent recommendations and shall prescribe a period within which the state is to take the measures that are incumbent upon it to remedy the situation examined.
 
3.    When the prescribed period has expired, the Commission shall decide by the vote of an absolute majority of its members whether the state has taken adequate measures and whether to publish its report.
 
''INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS'': Organisation (Art. 52-60), Juristiktion und Funktionen (Art. 61-65) und Prozedur (Art. 66-69).
 
CHAPTER IX - COMMON PROVISIONS
 
Article 70
 
1.    The judges of the Court and the members of the Commission shall enjoy, from the moment of their election and throughout their term of office, the immunities extended to diplomatic agents in accordance with international law. During the exercise of their official function they shall, in addition, enjoy the diplomatic privileges necessary for the performance of their duties.
 
2.    At no time shall the judges of the Court or the members of the Commission be held liable for any decisions or opinions issued in the exercise of their functions.
 
Article 71
 
The position of judge of the Court or member of the Commission is incompatible with any other activity that might affect the independence or impartiality of such judge or member, as determined in the respective statutes.
 
Article 72
 
The judges of the Court and the members of the Commission shall receive emoluments and travel allowances in the form and under the conditions set forth in their statutes, with due regard for the importance and independence of their office. Such emoluments and travel allowances shall be determined in the budget of the Organization of American States, which shall also include the expenses of the Court and its Secretariat. To this end, the Court shall draw up its own budget and submit it for approval to the General Assembly through the General Secretariat. The latter may not introduce any changes in it.
 
Article 73
 
The General Assembly may, only at the request of the Commission or the Court, as the case may be, determine sanctions to be applied against members of the Commission or judges of the Court when there are justifiable grounds for such action as set forth in the respective statutes. A vote of a two-thirds majority of the member states of the Organization shall be required for a decision in the case of members of the Commission and, in the case of judges of the Court, a two-thirds majority vote of the States Parties to the Convention shall also be required.
 
PART III - GENERAL AND TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
 
CHAPTER X - SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, RESERVATIONS,
AMENDMENTS, PROTOCOLS, AND DENUNCIATION
 
Article 74
 
1.    This Convention shall be open for signature and ratification by or adherence of any member state of the Organization of American States.
 
2.    Ratification of or adherence to this Convention shall be made by the deposit of an instrument of ratification or adherence with the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States. As soon as eleven states have deposited their instruments of ratification or adherence, the Convention shall enter into force. With respect to any state that ratifies or adheres thereafter, the Convention shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification or adherence.
 
3.    The Secretary General shall inform all member states of the Organization of the entry into force of the Convention.
 
Article 75
 
This Convention shall be subject to reservations only in conformity with the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties signed on May 23, 1969.
 
Article 76
 
1.    Proposals to amend this Convention may be submitted to the General Assembly for the action it deems appropriate by any State Party directly, and by the Commission or the Court through the Secretary General.
 
2.    Amendments shall enter into force for the States ratifying them on the date when two-thirds of the States Parties to this Convention have deposited their respective instruments of ratification. With respect to the other States Parties, the amendments shall enter into force on the dates on which they deposit their respective instruments of ratification.
 
Article 77
 
1.    In accordance with Article 31, any State Party and the Commission may submit proposed protocols to this Convention for consideration by the States Parties at the General Assembly with a view to gradually including other rights and freedoms within its system of protection.
 
2.    Each protocol shall determine the manner of its entry into force and shall be applied only among the States Parties to it.
 
Article 78
 
1.    The States Parties may denounce this Convention at the expiration of a five-year period from the date of its entry into force and by means of notice given one year in advance. Notice of the denunciation shall be addressed to the Secretary General of the Organization, who shall inform the other States Parties.
 
2.    Such a denunciation shall not have the effect of releasing the State Party concerned from the obligations contained in this Convention with respect to any act that may constitute a violation of those obligations and that has been taken by that state prior to the effective date of denunciation.
 
CHAPTER XI - TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
 
''Inter-American Commission on Human Rights'' (Art. 79-82)
 
=== Interamerikanische Kommission für Menschenrechte ===
 
=== Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte in Amerika ===


== Weblinks ==  
== Weblinks ==  

Version vom 25. August 2012, 16:28 Uhr

Menschenrechte sind in Lateinamerika durch mehrere Instanzen garantiert. Zu den wichtigsten schriftliche Fixierungen gehören die Charta der Vereinten Nationen (1945), die Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte (1948), der Internationale Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte ("Zivilpakt"; 1966) sowie der internationale Pakt über wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte ("Sozialpakt"; 1966). Darüber hinaus gilt die Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention (1969), als s.g. regionales Menschenrecht.

Diese der nationalstaatlichen Souveränität übergeordneten Instanzen, werden in der Regel dann bemüht, wenn nationale Kompetenzen nicht greifen. Die hierfür zuständigen Einrichtungen sind für das internationale Recht der Internationale Gerichtshof (1945) als auch der Internationale Strafgerichtshof (2002), sowie für regionales Menschenrecht der Interamerikanische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (1979).

Eine Überwachung der Einhaltung und Wahrung von Menschenrechten findet seitens nationaler und internationaler Organisationen, Privatpersonen und staatlichen Behörden statt. 

wird bearbeitet von Konrad

Geschichte der Menschenrechte in Lateinamerika

Hauptartikel siehe Menschenrechte

Aufgrund der Eindrücke und des Versagens des Völkerbunds angesichts der Gräueltaten während des deutschen Nazi-Regimes und des zweiten Weltkriegs, war es 1945 möglich geworden, verbindliche Menschenrechte zu verhandeln und zu verabschieden. Hinzu kam die Neugründung der Vereinten Nationen aus dem Völkerbund. Obgleich die Ratifizierung dieser Rechte heute noch immer nicht vollständig ist, gelten sie inzwischen als in Völkergewohnheitsrecht (UN) übergegangen. Damit sind sie, trotz mangelhafter Umsetzung in nationales Recht, gültig, wenngleich eine Definition von Gültigkeit im Gewohnheitsrecht als umstritten gilt. Gleichzeitig sind sie inzwischen durch ergänzende Menschenrechtskonventionen (Übereinkommen zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Diskriminierung der Frau, Sklaverei, Kinder, etc.)


Eine weitere Folge der Periode 1933-1945 in Europa sowie der Einführung von Menschenrechten und UN, war der einsetzende Entstehungsprozess der Europäischen Union (EU). Deren Keim, lag nicht nur in der Montanunion (1951), sondern auch in der Verabschiedung der europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention (1950) und die Gründung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte (EuGH) auf Grundlage des internationalen Rechts.


Auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent nahm man dies als Beispiel, um ein eigenes inter-amerikanisches Menschenrecht zu verfassen. Vorlage für diese "Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention" waren neben der allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte und dem Zivilpakt vor allem die europäische Menschenrechtskonvention. Dieses s.g. regionale Menschenrecht gilt nach seinem europäischen Vorbild, als das erfolgreichste Modell zur Herstellung des Menschenrechts. -- Allerdings wurden regionale Modelle erst Ende der 1990er Jahre formal von der UN anerkannt. -- (Prüfen!)

Indo-Amerikanisches Menschenrechts-System

Rechte & Freiheiten der amerikanischen Menschenrechtskonvention

Die Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention (auch Pact of San José; Abk. CADH; Engl.: American Convention on Human Rights; Spanisch: Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos; Franz.: Convention américaine relative aux droits de l'homme; Port.: Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos) zählt in seinem Kapitel II insgesamt 23 zivile und politische Menschenrechte. Hierzu zählt das Recht auf Anerkennung der Person vor dem Gesetz (Art. 3 CADH), das Recht auf Leben (Art. 4 CADH), das Recht auf menschenwürdige Behandlung (Art. 5 CADH), das Recht auf Freiheit vor Sklaverei (Art. 6 CADH), das Recht auf persönliche Freiheit (Art. 7 CADH), das Recht auf ein faires Gerichtsverfahren (Art. 8 CADH), die Freiheit vor "ex post facto"-Gesetzen (Art. 9 CADH), das Recht auf Kompensation (Art. 10 CADH), das Recht auf Privatheit (Art. 11 CADH), die Freiheit von Gewissen und Religion (Art. 12 CADH), die Freiheit von Gedanken und Ausdruck (Art. 13 CADH), das Recht auf Klarstellung (Art. 14 CADH), das Recht zur Versammlung (Art. 15 CADH), das Recht auf Vereinigung (Art. 16 CADH), die Rechte der Familie (Art. 17 CADH), das Recht auf einen Namen (Art. 18 CADH), die Rechte der Kinder (Art. 19 CADH), das Recht auf Nationalität (Art. 20 CADH), das Recht auf Eigentum (Art. 21 CADH), die Freiheit der Bewegung und des Niederlassens (Art. 22 CADH), das Recht auf Beteiligung an einer Regierung (Art. 23 CADH), das Recht der Gleichbehandlung vor dem Gesetz (Art. 24 CADH) und das Recht auf Rechtsschutz (Art. 25 CADH).


In Kapitel IV wird die Aussetzung, Interpretation und Anwendung der genannten Rechte geregelt. Demnach stehen die genannten Rechte und Freiheiten ausdrücklich nicht in Konkurrenz zu anderen Rechten und Freiheiten auf nationaler oder internationaler Ebene und sollen nicht zur Beschränkung solcher benutzt werden (Art. 28 bis 30 CADH). Eine Erweiterung der Konvention wird durch Artikel 31 und nach 76 und 77 in Aussicht gestellt. Artikel 27 legt fest, dass in Zeiten des Krieges, der öffentlichen Gefährdung oder anderen unabhägigkeits- und sicheiheitsgefährdenden Notlagen, die Nationalstaaten von den genannten Rechten abweichen dürfen. Jedoch gilt dies nicht für anderes internationale Recht (bspw. die Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte); für Diskrimination auf Grund von "race, color, sex, language, religion, or social origin" (Art. 27,1 CADH); sowie den Rechten und Freiheiten aus den Artikeln 3 bis 6, 9, 12, 17 bis 20 und 23 CADH.

Darüber hinaus ist nach Kapitel V jede Person ihrer Familie, Gesellschaft und der Menschheit verpflichtet (Art. 32,1 CADH). Die Rechte des Einzelnen sind durch die Rechte anderer, die Sicherheit aller und den Anforderungen des allgemeinen Wohlergehens in demokratischen Gesellschaften limitiert (Art. 32,2 CADH). Damit bekennen sich die Unterzeichnerstaaten zu Demokratie und freiheitlichen Grundrechten, wie sie in der westlichen Hemisphäre üblich sind.


Durch das Zusatzprotokoll von San Salvador gilt (sofern ratifiziert) seit 1988 zusätzlich das Recht auf Arbeit (Art. 6), das Recht auf gerechte, angemessene und befriedigende Arbeitskonditionen (Art. 7), Gewerkschaftsrechte (Art. 8), das Recht auf soziale Sicherung (Art. 9), das Recht auf Gesundheit (Art. 10), das Recht auf eine gesunde Umwelt (Art. 11), das Recht auf Nahrung (Art. 12), das Recht auf Bildung (Art. 13), das Recht auf die Teilhabe an den Vorzügen der Kultur (Art. 14), das Recht auf Gründung und Schutz der Familien (Art. 15), die (erweiterten) Rechte der Kinder (Art. 16), der Schutz der Älteren (im Sinne von alten und gebrechlichen Menschen, Art. 17) und der Schutz der Benachteiligten (im Sinne von Menschen mit Behinderung, Art. 18).

Weblinks

Literatur

  • Rhona K. M. Smith & Christien van den Anker (Hg.), The essentials of Human Rights. Everything you need to know about human rights, London: Hodder Arnold, 2005.
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