John Howard: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

John Howard (Quelltext anzeigen)

Version vom 10. Dezember 2017, 13:24 Uhr

4.745 Bytes hinzugefügt , 13:24, 10. Dez. 2017

keine Bearbeitungszusammenfassung

Sebastian

1.841

Bearbeitungen

@@ Zeile 2: / Zeile 2: @@
 [[Datei:John-Howard-prison-reformer2.jpg|500px|left| John Howard]]
+[http://www.clophillhistory.mooncarrot.org.uk/spotlight/howard.pdf At the age of twenty John Howard took himself on a “Grand Tour”] of France and Italy. Although travelling great distances in those days must have been difficult John Howard enjoyed the challenge of getting to new places. He returned home three years later when he had an illness described as a “nervous fever” and was advised to change his diet. From this time he restricted himself to vegetables, fruit, bread, milk and tea.
+Eventually he moved into the home of Sarah Lardeau who nursed him back to health. Although she was twice his age Howard proposed marriage to Sarah in 1752 but she died three years later.
+Nine days before his wife's death there was a huge earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal. Howard wanted to see the aftermath and eventually set sail from Falmouth in 1757. He chose to sail directly to Lisbon to avoid the current hostilities between Great Britain, France and Spain. Unfortunately, his ship, the Hanover, was attacked and captured by a French privateer and taken to Brittany where Howard was imprisoned in the castle at Brest. After a few months he was release and allowed to return to England.
+Howard now settled in Cardington, where he had inherited family properties, and started to improve his home and those of his tenants. He married Henrietta Leeds in 1758 and she helped with his work to improve the accommodation of villagers. In 1765 Henrietta gave birth to their only son, John (known as Jack), and died a few days later.
+After a spell of ill-health Howard started travelling abroad again and made several trips over the next few years. Eventually he settled back in Cardington and was appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773. One of his duties was to attend the Assizes. Here he saw prisoners being brought to court in shackles. He was particularly concerned to find that debtors, having paid their debt, were sent back to prison because they could not pay the fees that they owed the gaoler.
+[[Datei:John-Howard-prison-reformer2.jpg| John Howard, prison investigator and reformer]]
+Driven by curiosity he visited Bedford Gaol to see how it functioned. He found it “foul and fetid” but, as he would discover later, it was not as bad as some. He discovered that the gaoler was not paid but could charge fees. On the wall was a notice that said “All persons that come to this place ... must pay before discharg'd, fifteen shillings and fourpence, to the Gaoler.” Howard asked the justices if the gaoler could be paid a salary instead of relying on the prisoners for their income but they were reluctant to do this. He decided to find out what went on in other gaols starting with Cambridge where he arrived unannounced. He meticulously recorded all the details of the gaol. He must have felt that this was his life's vocation for he immediately set off for Huntingdon to inspect its gaol. This was the beginning of his relentless self-imposed schedule of gaol visits that would continue for the rest of his life.Left a rich man as a result of his father’s death, Howard bought an estate at Cardington, Bedfordshire, which he managed directly. He was an enlightened landlord, improving the labourers’ cottages and encouraging efficiency and order.
+After being imprisoned by privateers while on a sea voyage in 1756, he put this experience to good use on becoming High Sheriff of Bedfordshire. When he discovered the condition of Bedford jail he was appalled by what he saw, and began to visit the jails of neighbouring counties to investigate their condition and management.
+[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/howard_john.shtml  John Howard (BBC)] - stands for prison research from below, comparable to later social researcher and reformer [[Frédéric Le Play]]
+Howard's concerns led to two 1774 parliamentary acts - one abolished jailers' fees, the other enforced improvements in the system leading to better prisoner health. Howard, however, felt that the acts were not strictly obeyed. In 1775, he embarked on a tour of prisons in Europe visiting Scotland, Ireland, France, Holland, Flanders, some German states and Switzerland. He travelled on a similar route two years later, and in 1781 added Denmark, Sweden and Russia to the list.
+He visited Spain and Portugal in 1782. At a time when travel was uncomfortable and frequently dangerous, he travelled nearly 80,000 kilometres, making seven major journeys between 1775 and 1790, the first two of which are described in his book 'The State of Prisons in England and Wales... and an Account of Some Foreign Prisons'. - While examining Russian military hospitals, Howard contracted typhus in Kherson, Ukraine, and died there on 20 January 1790.
 John Howard wurde streng calvinistisch erzogen und erbte mit dem Tod seines reichen Vaters im Alter von 16 Jahren ein nennenswertes Vermögen (1742). Nach einer ausgedehnten Tour durch Frankreich und Italien (ab 1748) und einer schweren Krankheit heiratete er seine um 30 Jahre ältere Vermieterin (Sarah Loidore), die drei Jahre danach schon verstarb. Nach dem Erdbeben von Lissabon (1755) schiffte er sich Richtung Portugal ein, doch wurde sein Schiff von französischen Piraten (privateers) aufgebracht und er wurde in Brest und einem weiteren Gefängnis an der französischen Küste inhaftiert. Später wurde er gegen einen von den Briten gefangenen Franzosen ausgetauscht und ließ sich auf einem großen Landgut in Cardington nieder. 1758 heiratete er Henrietta Leeds, die 1765 starb. (Aus dieser Ehe ging ein Sohn, der ebenfalls auf den Vornamen John getauft wurde, hervor; dieser John Howard wurde mit 21 Jahren für geisteskrank erklärt und starb nach 13 Jahren im Irrenhaus im Jahre 1799). John Howard wurde 1773 zum Sheriff von Bedfordshire ernannt. Damit begann sein Wirken als Gefängnisreformer, das ihn weltbekannt und zum Namensgeber der "John Howard Society" (seit 1921: "John Howard League") mit Sitz in London, der "John Howard Society" (Kanada) und der "Howard League for Penal Reform" (Neuseeland) machen sollte.