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 :Chalk and Jonassohn (1990) also accept that one of the main preconditions of genocide is the idea of devaluing the victims and identifying them as the 'other' and unequal to the dominant population. They take a historical based view to explaining a variety of genocide civilisations and settings. They acknowledge the fact that it is not easy for people to kill defenceless victims and so it is evident that to commit genocide authority and a 'quasi- bureaucratic organisation' are needed, this then makes genocide a crime of state (Chalk and Jonassohn, 1990). Through this, it is shown that genocide serves the interest of the state, leading social classes and the elites. Chalk and Jonassohn (1990) show that the first few types of genocide were used to build empires, for example the Mongols and Shaka Zulu's empire. For Chalk and Jonassohn, these explanations are mainly for modern genocides for example the Jewish, Armenian and Cambodian genocides but they provide no general explanation for other forms of genocide (Chalk and Jonassohn, 1990). These explanations of genocide help to reflect on the contemporary condition, this enables the consideration of ways to prevent such crimes in the future and how to deal with the aftermaths.
-*[https://clg.portalxm.com/library/keytext.cfm?keytext_id=195 What Are the necessary conditions for genocide?]
+*[http://www.csi-usa.org/iframe/genocideconditions.html:Universal Conditions for Genocide. CSI-USA Universal Conditions for Genocide]
+:#Public display of ethnic and religious differences through physical features, language and communal symbols.
+:#Absence in multi-religious and/or multi-ethnic societies of strong integrating institutions.
+:#Absence of the rule of law and presence of authoritarian traditions of governance.
+:#Deep-seated insecurity on the part of ruling elites.
+:#Widespread perception of vulnerable religious and ethnic groups as potential agents of politically subversive powers.
+:#Prevalence of a racially or religiously discriminatory ideology or worldview that upholds a utopian vision of a homogenous society as the foundation of political unity.
+:#Institutionalization of racial or religious discrimination in statute law or social custom.
+:#Widespread communication by state and/or non-state actors of hateful propaganda that portrays members of religious or ethnic communities as subject peoples, aliens within society, or as subhuman creatures.
+Ö#Outbreaks of organized violence by mobs or individuals against members of vulnerable religious or ethnic communities.
+:#Habitual denial of discrimination by state and non-state actors that engage in oppressive practices, including violence, against vulnerable groups in society.
+:#Widespread militarization of society and/or widespread influence of non-state terrorist groups or militias.
 *[http://www.rud-urunana.org/documentation%5CStatement%20re%20plane%20crash.doc  Hourigan, Michael (2006) The Intern C Tribunal for Rwanda Arusha Tanzania, Affidavit of Michael A Hourigan. 27 November 2006. Adelaide South Australia 5000]