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From Mass Imprisonment to Abolition (USP): Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
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Version vom 19. April 2018, 16:40 Uhr
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== Violence == | == Violence == | ||
# | #Violence among prisoners: inmates vs. inmates. That can be individual, but also collective. Prison gangs engage in "war making," or monopolizing on force and occupying the power vacuum of state authority. They eliminate rivals within their territories, and in doing so they carry out "state making." Gangs offer protection to their members, affiliates, and clients. Example: The Primeiro Comando da Capital (or the PCC) is a Brazilian prison gang based in São Paulo. The gang rose in 1993 at a soccer game at Taubate Penitentiary to fight for prisoners' rights in the aftermath of the 1992 Carandiru Massacre. The gang orchestrated rebellions in 29 São Paulo state prisons simultaneously in 2001, and since then it has caught the attention of the public for ensuing waves of violence. The Brazilian police and media estimate that at least 6,000 members pay monthly dues and are thus a base part of the organization. According to São Paulo Department of Investigation of Organized Crime, more than 140,000 prisoners are under their control in São Paulo. The gang does not allow mugging, rape, extortion, or the use of the PCC to resolve personal conflicts. It maintains a strict hierarchy, led by 50 year old (2018) Marcos Willians Herbas Camacho (Marcola), who presently serves a 234 year prison sentence at Presidente Venceslau, S.P. - All members inside and outside are required to pay taxes. Members can be soldiers, towers (gang leaders in particular prisons), or pilots (who specialize in communications). -- According to political scientist Benjamin Lessing crackdowns and harsher carceral sentences often just increase prison gangs' control of outside actors and lessen state power: "the harsher, longer, and more likely a prison sentence, the more incentives outside affiliates have to stay on good terms with imprisoned leaders, and hence the greater the prison gangs' coercive power over those who anticipate prison." - At the turn of 2016/17, just days after prison clashes between rival gangs killed 56, it was reported that at least 33 inmates had were killed in northern Roraima state. | ||
# | #Repressive violence: officials vs. inmates. Example: Friday, 2 October 1992, military police stormed Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil, following a prison riot after a soccer game. By the end of the day, 111 prisoners were dead; and 37 more were injured. Gunshot wounds were mainly found in the face, head, throat and chest. Hands among the dead were found in front of the face or behind the head suggesting defensive positions. Police were also reported killing witnesses, wounded prisoners, and even those forced to remove bodies. No policeman was injured. Evidence suggests that many prisoners were, defenceless and intentionally extrajudicially executed. | ||
# | #Revolting violence: inmates vs. officials. Heather Ann Thompson (2016) Blood in the Water. The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy. - As an indirect result of the Attica uprising, the New York State Department of Corrections 1) began a grievance procedure, in which inmates could grieve (object to) actions by a staff member that violated stated policy, 2) started at each prison a program under which the warden and other senior management meet on a monthly basis with elected representatives of the inmates, and 3) began allowing packages to inmates to be received year-round. | ||
== Imprisonment and Beyond == | == Imprisonment and Beyond == | ||