Abolizionismo 1.2: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

== Dall'abolizione all'abolizionismo ==

Su 1789/06/17, i 600 deputati del Terzo Stato (la borghesia) dichiarate per l'Assemblea Costituente Nazionale (Costituente) e abolito i privilegi della nobiltà e del clero. Sul 1789/08/26 la "Dichiarazione dei Diritti Umani" è stata effettuata dall'Assemblea Nazionale.

:When the General States declared themselves the National Assembly, they claimed sovereignty for them as incorporation of the nation. Sovereignty passed from being royal of the type The State am I to national of the type We Are the Nation. Liberation from the repressive powers of the State passed from being individual luck and royal capriciousness to a right of the people to be freed of unnecessary infringements of their liberties. One of the first actions of the new National Assembly was the abolition of the lettres de cachet and the lettres d abolition. Notabene, Napoleon reactivated them in 1801 under the name of prison d’état. The question was and is, of course, which kinds of domination are despotic, and which are not. Montesquieu, in 1721, already gave an answer that was hard to chew, saying that all laws, and all acts of government, that were not justified by sheer necessity, were despotic. From this, Beccaria had derived his programme to abolish the death penalty and torture altogether. Some monarchs were convinced he was right, at his time, and others werde not. The conflict is not over today yet. Dick Cheney could not be convinced until this very day.

In der ersten Etappe (1787-1807) konzentrierte sich der Kampf gegen die Sklaverei auf den transatlantischen Menschenhandel, danach auf die Abschaffung der Sklaverei in den USA und überall sonst auf der Welt. Nachdem die USA die Sklaverei abgeschafft hatten (1865), folgte 1888 als letztes Land Brasilien.

bondage of one kind or another. Eighty thousand slaves were trafficked every

year from Africa to the New World. Ship owners, slave traders, sugar

Only one MP, William Wilberforce, was active in the abolitionists' cause. Yet

with organisation, enthusiasm and imaginative campaigning, the abolitionists

Die Abolition erfolgte nicht aus wirtschaftlichen, sondern aus politischen und moralischen Gründen. Anders als die Marxisten dachten, steht der Kapitalismus keineswegs in einem grundlegenden Gegensatz zur Sklaverei. Vielmehr zeigt die Geschichte des transatlantischen Sklavenhandels, wohin die Reise gehen kann, wenn Marktkräften freier Lauf gelassen wird.

=== Protagonisti ===

::'''Josiah Wedgwood''' joined the organising committee. He asked one of his craftsmen to design a seal for stamping the wax used to close envelopes. It showed a kneeling African in chains, lifting his hands beseechingly. It included the words: "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" The kneeling African, the equivalent of the label buttons we wear for electoral campaigns, was probably the first widespread use of a logo designed for a political cause" (Hochschild).

*1688: The first anti-slavery statement is written by Dutch and German Quakers, who met at Germantown, Pennsylvania.

*1789: Clarkson promotes the Committee's cause by encouraging the sale of Equiano's memoir and inviting the former slave to lecture in British ports linked to the slave trade.

*1783: Nel 1783 i quaccheri inglesi iniciano la battaglia contre la schiavitù in Inghilterra.  

:In June 1783, Friends became aware that a Bill relating to the slave trade was before the House of Commons. Friends were at their annual gathering in London, and seizing this opportunity, on June 17 1783 London Yearly Meeting presented to Parliament the first petition against the slave trade signed by 273 Quakers. Three days later, Meeting for Sufferings set up a 23-member committee - the Committee on the Slave Trade to 'embrace all opportunities to promote the intention of the Yearly Meeting respecting the slave trade' and 'to obtain and publish "such information as may tend to the abolition of the slave trade'. This committee was Britain's first anti-slavery organisation. A few weeks later in July 1783 six Friends met informally as a separate group to enlighten the public mind on the slave trade. They did this by sending anti-slavery articles to the newspapers, and lobbying Members of Parliament and other notables. These Quaker abolitionists were ordinary people, who recognised that the trade was a violation of their fundamental belief in the equality of all human beings - and decided to do something about it. They included a physician, chemist, tinplate worker, printer, conveyancer, linen-bleacher, weaver, woollen draper, maltser, cutler, and surgeon.