Abolizionismo 1.2

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Dall'abolizione all'abolizionismo

Su 1789/06/17, i 600 deputati del Terzo Stato (la borghesia) dichiarate per l'Assemblea Costituente Nazionale (Costituente) e abolito i privilegi della nobiltà e del clero. Sul 1789/08/26 la "Dichiarazione dei Diritti Umani" è stata effettuata dall'Assemblea Nazionale.

Quando il generale Uniti si sono dichiarati l'Assemblea nazionale, hanno sostenuto la sovranità per loro come l'incorporazione della nazione.

Sovranità passata dall'essere reale del tipo Lo Stato sono io per nazionale del tipo siamo la nazione. Liberazione dai poteri repressivi dello Stato passò dall'essere fortuna individuale e capricciosità reale per un diritto del popolo a liberarsi di infrazioni non necessarie delle loro libertà.

Una delle prime azioni della nuova Assemblea nazionale è stata l'abolizione della lettres de cachet e le lettres d'abolition.

Notabene, Napoleone li riattivata nel 1801 sotto il nome di prigione di Stato.

La questione era ed è, ovviamente, quali tipi di dominio sono dispotico, e che non sono. Montesquieu, nel 1721, ha già dato una risposta che era difficile da masticare, dicendo che tutte le leggi e tutti gli atti di governo, che non sono stati giustificati dalla pura necessità, erano dispotico.

Da questo, Beccaria aveva derivato il suo programma per l'abolizione della pena di morte e la tortura del tutto. Alcuni monarchi erano convinti che avesse ragione, a suo tempo, e altri che no. Il conflitto non è finita oggi ancora. Dick Cheney non potrebbe essere convinto fino a questo giorno.

When the General States declared themselves the National Assembly, they claimed sovereignty for them as incorporation of the nation. Sovereignty passed from being royal of the type The State am I to national of the type We Are the Nation. Liberation from the repressive powers of the State passed from being individual luck and royal capriciousness to a right of the people to be freed of unnecessary infringements of their liberties. One of the first actions of the new National Assembly was the abolition of the lettres de cachet and the lettres d abolition. Notabene, Napoleon reactivated them in 1801 under the name of prison d’état. The question was and is, of course, which kinds of domination are despotic, and which are not. Montesquieu, in 1721, already gave an answer that was hard to chew, saying that all laws, and all acts of government, that were not justified by sheer necessity, were despotic. From this, Beccaria had derived his programme to abolish the death penalty and torture altogether. Some monarchs were convinced he was right, at his time, and others werde not. The conflict is not over today yet. Dick Cheney could not be convinced until this very day.

L'abolizione della tratta degli schiavi

L'abolizione della schiavitù: più grande revoluzione della storia

Artikel 4 der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte 1948 lautet:

"No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms."

In der ersten Etappe (1787-1807) konzentrierte sich der Kampf gegen die Sklaverei auf den transatlantischen Menschenhandel, danach auf die Abschaffung der Sklaverei in den USA und überall sonst auf der Welt. Nachdem die USA die Sklaverei abgeschafft hatten (1865), folgte 1888 als letztes Land Brasilien.

Two hundred years ago, three-quarters of the world's population were in bondage of one kind or another. Eighty thousand slaves were trafficked every year from Africa to the New World. Ship owners, slave traders, sugar exporters, chocolate makers and plantation owners were earning fortunes.

Only one MP, William Wilberforce, was active in the abolitionists' cause. Yet with organisation, enthusiasm and imaginative campaigning, the abolitionists eventually forced parliament to hear the cries of the suffering slaves and bend to the will of the British people:

"It was the first time in history, that a large number of people became outraged, and stayed outraged for many years over someone else's rights" (Hochschild 2005).

Die Abolition erfolgte nicht aus wirtschaftlichen, sondern aus politischen und moralischen Gründen. Anders als die Marxisten dachten, steht der Kapitalismus keineswegs in einem grundlegenden Gegensatz zur Sklaverei. Vielmehr zeigt die Geschichte des transatlantischen Sklavenhandels, wohin die Reise gehen kann, wenn Marktkräften freier Lauf gelassen wird.

Protagonisti

  • Quakers
  • Thomas Clarkson
  • Granville Sharp
  • William Wilberforce: „Mir erschien die Verderbtheit des Sklavenhandels so enorm, so furchtbar und nicht wiedergutzumachen, dass ich mich uneingeschränkt für die Abschaffung entschieden habe. Mögen die Konsequenzen sein, wie sie wollen, ich habe für mich beschlossen, dass ich keine Ruhe geben werde, bis ich die Abschaffung des Sklavenhandels durchgesetzt habe.“ (Vor dem Unterhaus)
Josiah Wedgwood joined the organising committee. He asked one of his craftsmen to design a seal for stamping the wax used to close envelopes. It showed a kneeling African in chains, lifting his hands beseechingly. It included the words: "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" The kneeling African, the equivalent of the label buttons we wear for electoral campaigns, was probably the first widespread use of a logo designed for a political cause" (Hochschild).

Cronologia

  • 1688: The first anti-slavery statement is written by Dutch and German Quakers, who met at Germantown, Pennsylvania.
  • 1727: English Quakers begin to express their official disapproval of the slave trade.
  • 1750s: Quakers in Britain's American colonies begin to oppose slavery, and call on English Quakers to take action with parliament. They encourage their fellow citizens, including Quaker slave owners, to improve conditions for slaves, educate their slaves in Christianity, reading and writing, and gradually emancipate them.
  • 1772: In Inghilterra, Granville Sharp stabilisce il criterio che qualunque schiavo fuggito dalla colonie riesca a calcare il suolo inglese diverrà automaticamente un uomo libero.
  • 1783: An informal group of six Quakers pioneers the British abolitionist movement when the London Society of Friends' yearly meeting presents its petition against the slave trade to Parliament, signed by over 300 Quakers. - They were influenced by publicity about the Zong massacre, as the ship owners were litigating a claim for insurance against losses due to more than 132 slaves having been killed on their ship.
  • 1787: Fondazione della prima associazione per la liberazione degli schiavi. Nel 1787 viene fondata la Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade ("Società per l'abolizione della tratta"), un movimento abolizionista organizzato voluto, tra gli altri, dal deputato William Wilberforce e dall'attivista Thomas Clarkson, con il sostegno del primo ministro William Pitt.
The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, (or The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade), was a British abolitionist group, formed on 22 May 1787, by twelve men who gathered together at a printing shop in London, England. The Society worked to educate the public about the abuses of the slave trade; it achieved abolition of the international slave trade in 1807, enforced by the British Navy.
  • 1787: The Quakers decide to form a small, committed, non-denominational group so as to gain greater Anglican and Parliamentary support. The new, non-denominational committee has nine Quaker members and three Anglicans. As Quakers were considered non-conformists (and were debarred from standing for Parliament), Anglican members strengthened the committee's likelihood of influencing Parliament. The Society for Effecting the Abolition of Slavery (Hochschild 2005) is crucial in the process of abolition:
Nine of the twelve founding members of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade were Quakers: John Barton (1755–1789); William Dillwyn (1743-1824); George Harrison (1747-1827); Samuel Hoare Jr (1751-1825); Joseph Hooper (1732-1789); John Lloyd; Joseph Woods Sr (1738-1812); James Phillips (1745-1799); and Richard Phillips. Five of the Quakers had been amongst the informal group of six Quakers who had pioneered the movement in 1783, when the first petition against the slave trade was presented to parliament.
Three Anglicans were founding members: Thomas Clarkson, campaigner and author of an influential essay against the slave trade; Granville Sharp who, as a lawyer, had long been involved in the support and prosecution of cases on behalf of enslaved Africans; and Philip Sansom.
Petitions were presented to the House of Commons, anti-slavery rallies held, and a range of anti-slavery medallions, crockery and bronze figurines were made, notably with the support of the Unitarian Josiah Wedgwood.
  • 1787: Thomas Clarkson's speaking tour of the great ports and cities of England raises public interest. Publication of the African Olaudah Equiano's autobiography heightens public awareness, as the former slave expressed an unanswerable case against slavery in a work of literary merit.
  • 1789: Clarkson promotes the Committee's cause by encouraging the sale of Equiano's memoir and inviting the former slave to lecture in British ports linked to the slave trade.

It is defeated by 163 votes to 88. As Wilberforce continued to bring the issue of the slave trade before Parliament, Clarkson and others on the Committee traveled, raised funds, lobbied, and wrote anti-slavery works. They conducted a protracted parliamentary campaign, during which Wilberforce introduced a motion in favour of abolition almost every year.

  • 1783: Nel 1783 i quaccheri inglesi iniciano la battaglia contre la schiavitù in Inghilterra.
In June 1783, Friends became aware that a Bill relating to the slave trade was before the House of Commons. Friends were at their annual gathering in London, and seizing this opportunity, on June 17 1783 London Yearly Meeting presented to Parliament the first petition against the slave trade signed by 273 Quakers. Three days later, Meeting for Sufferings set up a 23-member committee - the Committee on the Slave Trade to 'embrace all opportunities to promote the intention of the Yearly Meeting respecting the slave trade' and 'to obtain and publish "such information as may tend to the abolition of the slave trade'. This committee was Britain's first anti-slavery organisation. A few weeks later in July 1783 six Friends met informally as a separate group to enlighten the public mind on the slave trade. They did this by sending anti-slavery articles to the newspapers, and lobbying Members of Parliament and other notables. These Quaker abolitionists were ordinary people, who recognised that the trade was a violation of their fundamental belief in the equality of all human beings - and decided to do something about it. They included a physician, chemist, tinplate worker, printer, conveyancer, linen-bleacher, weaver, woollen draper, maltser, cutler, and surgeon.
  • 1787: nel 1787 annunciò alla Camera dei Comuni che avrebbe posto alla loro attenzione una mozione per l’abolizione del commercio degli schiavi. L’opposizione durò vent’anni ma nonostante le minacce ricevute, continuò la sua battaglia.
  • 1807: nel 1807 la Camera, con applausi e ovazioni a Wilberforce, approvò con 267 voti su 283 l’abolizione del commercio degli schiavi (effettivo dal 1º gennaio 1808). Se il commercio fu abolito, la schiavitù continuò, e fu contrastata dagli stessi attivisti che avevano appoggiato l'abolizione della tratta.
  • 1807 Slave Trade Act . Abolishes Slave Trade in British Empire. Slavery Remains Legal in British Empire. US, DK, S, NL consent.
La Camera dei Comuni nel 1807 delibera il divieto di attracco nelle navi negriere nei porti inglesi e nel 1815 sarà la marina britannica, su mandato del Congresso di Vienna a fare applicare il divieto internazionale della tratta degli schiavi.
The United States also prohibited the African slave trade that year, to take effect in 1808.
  • 1823: It later was superseded by development of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1823, which worked to abolish the institution of slavery throughout the British colonies. Abolition was passed by parliament in 1833 (except in India, where it was part of the indigenous culture); with emancipation completed by 1838. The ASS continued to work for abolition of slavery in the United States and other nations.
  • 1833:Slavery Abolition Act. Slavery becomes illegal in British Empire.
  • 1833: nel 1833 Wilberforce presentò un’ultima petizione: il 26 luglio fu approvata l’abolizione della schiavitù nelle colonie britanniche e dopo tre giorni William Wilberforce si spense. Riposa oggi nella cattedrale di Westminster accanto all'amico William Pitt il Giovane.
  • 1833: Nel 1833 il Parlamento inglese decreta la liberazione degli schiavi nelle colonie.
  • 1848 F follows forbidding slave trade (little implementation)
  • 1852 Brazil follows ... after robust threats
  • 1853 Spain and Portual follow after large compensations.

Resultati

Der Slave Trade Act vom 25.03.1807 untersagte britischen Bürgern und Schiffen jeden Handel mit Sklaven und motivierte die britische Regierung zu einer heftigen Kampagne gegen jene Staaten, die weiterhin vom Transatlantik-Handel mit Afrikanern profitierten.

Über den Verzicht aller anderen Staaten auf den Sklavenhandel hinaus verlangte Großbritannien das Recht, alle verdächtigen Schiffe zu untersuchen und die entdeckten Sklaventransporter zu beschlagnahmen.

Während sich die USA, Dänemark, Schweden und Holland der Lage anpassten, wehrten sich Spanien, Portugal, Brasilien und Frankreich noch bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.

Durch Geld wurden bis 1853 Portugal (über 3 Mio. Pfund) und Spanien (über 1 Mio. Pfund), durch robuste Drohungen (1852) die brasilianischen Sklavenhändler auf Linie gebracht.

Frankreich hingegen, das sich 1815 pro forma zum Verbot der Sklavenschiffe bekannt hatte, führte selbst kaum Kontrollen durch, verweigerte vor allem auch aus Nationalstolz jede britische Kontrolle und profitierte auf diese Weise bis 1848 von einem ausgedehnten illegalen transatlantischen Sklavenhandel.

Bibliografia e Collegamenti esterni

  • Quakers initiate abolition movement in Britain
  • Hochschild, Adam (2005) Bury the Chains. The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery. New York: Houghton Mifflin 2005 (aka: Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves).
  • Hochschild, Adam (2007) Sprengt die Ketten. Der entscheidende Kampf um die Abschaffung der Sklaverei, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart.
Chapter 2 and 4: http://sakozakiewicz.blogspot.it/2008/01/bury-chains-chapter-2-and-4-s
Chapters 22, 23, and epilogue: http://mattmaillet.blogspot.it/2008/02/bury-chains-chapters-22-23-and-

Film

  • Amazing Grace di Michael Apted (2006) che tratta della figura storica di William Wilberforce e della sua campagna per l'abolizione della schiavitù.
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