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=== Protagonisti ===
=== Protagonisti ===
*Quakers
*[[Thomas Clarkson]]
*[[Granville Sharp]]
*[[William Wilberforce]]: „Mir erschien die Verderbtheit des Sklavenhandels so enorm, so furchtbar und nicht wiedergutzumachen, dass ich mich uneingeschränkt für die Abschaffung entschieden habe. Mögen die Konsequenzen sein, wie sie wollen, ich habe für mich beschlossen, dass ich keine Ruhe geben werde, bis ich die Abschaffung des Sklavenhandels durchgesetzt habe.“ (Vor dem Unterhaus)
::'''Josiah Wedgwood''' joined the organising committee. He asked one of his craftsmen to design a seal for stamping the wax used to close envelopes. It showed a kneeling African in chains, lifting his hands beseechingly. It included the words: "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" The kneeling African, the equivalent of the label buttons we wear for electoral campaigns, was probably the first widespread use of a logo designed for a political cause" (Hochschild).
== Cronologia ==
*1688: The first anti-slavery statement is written by Dutch and German Quakers, who met at Germantown, Pennsylvania.
*1688: The first anti-slavery statement is written by Dutch and German Quakers, who met at Germantown, Pennsylvania.


*1727: English Quakers begin to express their official disapproval of the slave trade.
*1727: English Quakers begin to express their official disapproval of the slave trade.


*From the 1750s, a number of Quakers in Britain's American colonies begins to oppose slavery, and call on English Quakers to take action with parliament. They encouraged their fellow citizens, including Quaker slave owners, to improve conditions for slaves, educate their slaves in Christianity, reading and writing, and gradually emancipate them.
*1750s: Quakers in Britain's American colonies begin to oppose slavery, and call on English Quakers to take action with parliament. They encourage their fellow citizens, including Quaker slave owners, to improve conditions for slaves, educate their slaves in Christianity, reading and writing, and gradually emancipate them.
*1772: In Inghilterra, Granville Sharp stabilisce il criterio che qualunque schiavo fuggito dalla colonie riesca a calcare il suolo inglese diverrà automaticamente un uomo libero.


*1783: An informal group of six Quakers pioneers the British abolitionist movement when the London Society of Friends' yearly meeting presents its petition against the slave trade to Parliament, signed by over 300 Quakers. - They were influenced by publicity about the ''Zong'' massacre, as the ship owners were litigating a claim for insurance against losses due to more than 132 slaves having been killed on their ship.
*1783: An informal group of six Quakers pioneers the British abolitionist movement when the London Society of Friends' yearly meeting presents its petition against the slave trade to Parliament, signed by over 300 Quakers. - They were influenced by publicity about the ''Zong'' massacre, as the ship owners were litigating a claim for insurance against losses due to more than 132 slaves having been killed on their ship.
*1787: Fondazione della prima associazione per la liberazione degli schiavi. Nel 1787 viene fondata la Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade ("Società per l'abolizione della tratta"), un movimento abolizionista organizzato voluto, tra gli altri, dal deputato William Wilberforce e dall'attivista Thomas Clarkson, con il sostegno del primo ministro William Pitt.
:'''The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade,''' (or The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade), was a British abolitionist group, formed on 22 May 1787, by twelve men who gathered together at a printing shop in London, England. The Society worked to educate the public about the abuses of the slave trade; it achieved abolition of the international slave trade in 1807, enforced by the British Navy.


*1787: The Quakers decide to form a small, committed, non-denominational group so as to gain greater Anglican and Parliamentary support. The new, non-denominational committee has nine Quaker members and three Anglicans. As Quakers were considered non-conformists (and were debarred from standing for Parliament), Anglican members strengthened the committee's likelihood of influencing Parliament. The Society for Effecting the Abolition of Slavery (Hochschild 2005) is crucial in the process of abolition:
*1787: The Quakers decide to form a small, committed, non-denominational group so as to gain greater Anglican and Parliamentary support. The new, non-denominational committee has nine Quaker members and three Anglicans. As Quakers were considered non-conformists (and were debarred from standing for Parliament), Anglican members strengthened the committee's likelihood of influencing Parliament. The Society for Effecting the Abolition of Slavery (Hochschild 2005) is crucial in the process of abolition:
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:Petitions were presented to the House of Commons, anti-slavery rallies held, and a range of anti-slavery medallions, crockery and bronze figurines were made, notably with the support of the Unitarian Josiah Wedgwood.
:Petitions were presented to the House of Commons, anti-slavery rallies held, and a range of anti-slavery medallions, crockery and bronze figurines were made, notably with the support of the Unitarian Josiah Wedgwood.
::'''Josiah Wedgwood''' joined the organising committee. He asked one of his craftsmen to design a seal for stamping the wax used to close envelopes. It showed a kneeling African in chains, lifting his hands beseechingly. It included the words: "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" The kneeling African, the equivalent of the label buttons we wear for electoral campaigns, was probably the first widespread use of a logo designed for a political cause" (Hochschild).


*1787: Thomas Clarkson's speaking tour of the great ports and cities of England raises public interest. Publication of the African Olaudah Equiano's autobiography heightens public awareness, as the former slave expressed an unanswerable case against slavery in a work of literary merit.
*1787: Thomas Clarkson's speaking tour of the great ports and cities of England raises public interest. Publication of the African Olaudah Equiano's autobiography heightens public awareness, as the former slave expressed an unanswerable case against slavery in a work of literary merit.
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*1791: William Wilberforce introduces the first Bill to abolish the slave trade. It is defeated by 163 votes to 88. As Wilberforce continued to bring the issue of the slave trade before Parliament, Clarkson and others on the Committee traveled, raised funds, lobbied, and wrote anti-slavery works. They conducted a protracted parliamentary campaign, during which Wilberforce introduced a motion in favour of abolition almost every year.
*1791: William Wilberforce introduces the first Bill to abolish the slave trade. It is defeated by 163 votes to 88. As Wilberforce continued to bring the issue of the slave trade before Parliament, Clarkson and others on the Committee traveled, raised funds, lobbied, and wrote anti-slavery works. They conducted a protracted parliamentary campaign, during which Wilberforce introduced a motion in favour of abolition almost every year.
*1783: Nel 1783 i quaccheri inglesi iniciano la battaglia contre la schiavitù in Inghilterra.
:In June 1783, Friends became aware that a Bill relating to the slave trade was before the House of Commons. Friends were at their annual gathering in London, and seizing this opportunity, on June 17 1783 London Yearly Meeting presented to Parliament the first petition against the slave trade signed by 273 Quakers. Three days later, Meeting for Sufferings set up a 23-member committee - the Committee on the Slave Trade to 'embrace all opportunities to promote the intention of the Yearly Meeting respecting the slave trade' and 'to obtain and publish "such information as may tend to the abolition of the slave trade'. This committee was Britain's first anti-slavery organisation. A few weeks later in July 1783 six Friends met informally as a separate group to enlighten the public mind on the slave trade. They did this by sending anti-slavery articles to the newspapers, and lobbying Members of Parliament and other notables. These Quaker abolitionists were ordinary people, who recognised that the trade was a violation of their fundamental belief in the equality of all human beings - and decided to do something about it. They included a physician, chemist, tinplate worker, printer, conveyancer, linen-bleacher, weaver, woollen draper, maltser, cutler, and surgeon.


[[Thomas Clarkson]]
*1787: nel 1787 annunciò alla Camera dei Comuni che avrebbe posto alla loro attenzione una mozione per l’abolizione del commercio degli schiavi. L’opposizione durò vent’anni ma nonostante le minacce ricevute, continuò la sua battaglia.


[[Granville Sharp]]
*1807: nel 1807 la Camera, con applausi e ovazioni a Wilberforce, approvò con 267 voti su 283 l’abolizione del commercio degli schiavi (effettivo dal 1º gennaio 1808). Se il commercio fu abolito, la schiavitù continuò, e fu contrastata dagli stessi attivisti che avevano appoggiato l'abolizione della tratta.
*1807 Slave Trade Act . Abolishes Slave Trade in British Empire. Slavery Remains Legal in British Empire. US, DK, S, NL consent.


[[William Wilberforce]]: „Mir erschien die Verderbtheit des Sklavenhandels so enorm, so furchtbar und nicht wiedergutzumachen, dass ich mich uneingeschränkt für die Abschaffung entschieden habe. Mögen die Konsequenzen sein, wie sie wollen, ich habe für mich beschlossen, dass ich keine Ruhe geben werde, bis ich die Abschaffung des Sklavenhandels durchgesetzt habe.“ (Vor dem Unterhaus)
:La Camera dei Comuni nel 1807 delibera il divieto di attracco nelle navi negriere nei porti inglesi e nel 1815 sarà la marina britannica, su mandato del Congresso di Vienna a fare applicare il divieto internazionale della tratta degli schiavi.


Nel 1787 annunciò alla Camera dei Comuni che avrebbe posto alla loro attenzione una mozione per l’abolizione del commercio degli schiavi. L’opposizione durò vent’anni ma nonostante le minacce ricevute, continuò la sua battaglia.
:The United States also prohibited the African slave trade that year, to take effect in 1808.
*1823: It later was superseded by development of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1823, which worked to abolish the institution of slavery throughout the British colonies. Abolition was passed by parliament in 1833 (except in India, where it was part of the indigenous culture); with emancipation completed by 1838. The ASS continued to work for abolition of slavery in the United States and other nations.


Nel 1807 la Camera, con applausi e ovazioni a Wilberforce, approvò con 267 voti su 283 l’abolizione del commercio degli schiavi (effettivo dal 1º gennaio 1808).
*1833:Slavery Abolition Act. Slavery becomes illegal in British Empire.  


Se il commercio fu abolito, la schiavitù continuò, e fu contrastata dagli stessi attivisti che avevano appoggiato l'abolizione della tratta. Nel 1833 Wilberforce presentò un’ultima petizione: il 26 luglio fu approvata l’abolizione della schiavitù nelle colonie britanniche e dopo tre giorni William Wilberforce si spense. Riposa oggi nella cattedrale di Westminster accanto all'amico William Pitt il Giovane.
*1833: nel 1833 Wilberforce presentò un’ultima petizione: il 26 luglio fu approvata l’abolizione della schiavitù nelle colonie britanniche e dopo tre giorni William Wilberforce si spense. Riposa oggi nella cattedrale di Westminster accanto all'amico William Pitt il Giovane.
*1833: Nel 1833 il Parlamento inglese decreta la liberazione degli schiavi nelle colonie.
*1848 F follows forbidding slave trade (little implementation)
*1852 Brazil follows ... after robust threats
*1853 Spain and Portual follow after large compensations.


=== Resultati ===
=== Resultati ===
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Frankreich hingegen, das sich 1815 pro forma zum Verbot der Sklavenschiffe bekannt hatte, führte selbst kaum Kontrollen durch, verweigerte vor allem auch aus Nationalstolz jede britische Kontrolle und profitierte auf diese Weise bis 1848 von einem ausgedehnten illegalen transatlantischen Sklavenhandel.
Frankreich hingegen, das sich 1815 pro forma zum Verbot der Sklavenschiffe bekannt hatte, führte selbst kaum Kontrollen durch, verweigerte vor allem auch aus Nationalstolz jede britische Kontrolle und profitierte auf diese Weise bis 1848 von einem ausgedehnten illegalen transatlantischen Sklavenhandel.
=== Cronologia ===
*1772: In Inghilterra, Granville Sharp stabilisce il criterio che qualunque schiavo fuggito dalla colonie riesca a calcare il suolo inglese diverrà automaticamente un uomo libero.
*1767 Society for Effecting the Abolition of Slavery. Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp et al.
*1783: Nel 1783 i quaccheri inglesi iniciano la battaglia contre la schiavitù in Inghilterra.
:In June 1783, Friends became aware that a Bill relating to the slave trade was before the House of Commons. Friends were at their annual gathering in London, and seizing this opportunity, on June 17 1783 London Yearly Meeting presented to Parliament the first petition against the slave trade signed by 273 Quakers. Three days later, Meeting for Sufferings set up a 23-member committee - the Committee on the Slave Trade to 'embrace all opportunities to promote the intention of the Yearly Meeting respecting the slave trade' and 'to obtain and publish "such information as may tend to the abolition of the slave trade'. This committee was Britain's first anti-slavery organisation. A few weeks later in July 1783 six Friends met informally as a separate group to enlighten the public mind on the slave trade. They did this by sending anti-slavery articles to the newspapers, and lobbying Members of Parliament and other notables. These Quaker abolitionists were ordinary people, who recognised that the trade was a violation of their fundamental belief in the equality of all human beings - and decided to do something about it. They included a physician, chemist, tinplate worker, printer, conveyancer, linen-bleacher, weaver, woollen draper, maltser, cutler, and surgeon.
*1787: Fondazione della prima associazione per la liberazione degli schiavi.
:Nel 1787 viene fondata la Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade ("Società per l'abolizione della tratta"), un movimento abolizionista organizzato voluto, tra gli altri, dal deputato William Wilberforce e dall'attivista Thomas Clarkson, con il sostegno del primo ministro William Pitt.
:'''The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade,''' (or The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade), was a British abolitionist group, formed on 22 May 1787, by twelve men who gathered together at a printing shop in London, England.
:The Society worked to educate the public about the abuses of the slave trade; it achieved abolition of the international slave trade in 1807, enforced by the British Navy.
:The United States also prohibited the African slave trade that year, to take effect in 1808.
:It later was superseded by development of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1823, which worked to abolish the institution of slavery throughout the British colonies. Abolition was passed by parliament in 1833 (except in India, where it was part of the indigenous culture); with emancipation completed by 1838. The ASS continued to work for abolition of slavery in the United States and other nations.
*1807 Slave Trade Act . Abolishes Slave Trade in British Empire. Slavery Remains Legal in British Empire. US, DK, S, NL consent.
:La Camera dei Comuni nel 1807 delibera il divieto di attracco nelle navi negriere nei porti inglesi e nel 1815 sarà la marina britannica, su mandato del Congresso di Vienna a fare applicare il divieto internazionale della tratta degli schiavi.
*1833: Nel 1833 il Parlamento inglese decreta la liberazione degli schiavi nelle colonie.
:Slavery Abolition Act. Slavery becomes illegal in British Empire.
*1848 F follows forbidding slave trade (little implementation)
*1852 Brazil follows ... after robust threats
*1853 Spain and Portual follow after large compensations.


== Bibliografia e Collegamenti esterni ==
== Bibliografia e Collegamenti esterni ==
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