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 == Geschichte ==
-The earliest inhabitants of what is now Rwanda were the Twa, a group of aboriginal pygmy hunter-gatherers who settled in the area between 8000 BC and 3000 BC and remain in Rwanda today. Between 700 BC and 1500 AD, a number of Bantu groups migrated into Rwanda, and began to clear forest land for agriculture. The forest-dwelling Twa lost much of their habitat and moved to the slopes of mountains. Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the Bantu migrations; one theory is that the first settlers were Hutu, while the Tutsi migrated later and formed a distinct racial group, possibly of Cushitic origin. An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady, with incoming groups integrating into rather than conquering the existing society. Under this theory, the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose later and was a class distinction rather than a racial one.
+Twa-Besiedlung (8000-3000 v.Chr.). Zwischen 700 vor und 1500 n.Chr. kamen verschiedene Bantu-Gruppen nach Ruanda und begannen mit Ackerbau. Die Waldbewohner Twa verloren viel Lebensraum. Nach einer Theorie waren Hutu die ersten Migranten, efolgt von den Tutsi; nach einer anderen Theorie entstand die Hutu-Tutsi-Differenzierung als soziale Schichtung und war ein post-migratorisches soziales Phänomen. Nach der Zeit der Clans (ubwoko) entstanden um 1700 acht Königreiche, "governed with strict social control." Das Königreich Ruanda nahm allmählich eine Vormachtstellung ein (Herrscher: der Tutsi Nyiginya clan). From its origins as a small toparchy near Lake Muhazi, the kingdom expanded through a process of conquest and assimilation, achieving its greatest extent under the reign of King Kigeli Rwabugiri from 1853–95. Rwabugiri expanded the kingdom west and north, and initiated administrative reforms; these included ubuhake, in which Tutsi patrons ceded cattle, and therefore privileged status, to Hutu or Tutsi clients in exchange for economic and personal service, and uburetwa, a corvée system in which Hutu were forced to work for Tutsi chiefs. Rwabugiri's changes caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations.
-The population coalesced, first into clans (ubwoko), and then, by 1700, into around eight kingdoms. The country was fertile and densely populated, and the kingdoms were governed with strict social control. One of the kingdoms, the Kingdom of Rwanda, ruled by the Tutsi Nyiginya clan, became increasingly dominant from the mid-eighteenth century. From its origins as a small toparchy near Lake Muhazi, the kingdom expanded through a process of conquest and assimilation, achieving its greatest extent under the reign of King Kigeli Rwabugiri from 1853–95. Rwabugiri expanded the kingdom west and north, and initiated administrative reforms; these included ubuhake, in which Tutsi patrons ceded cattle, and therefore privileged status, to Hutu or Tutsi clients in exchange for economic and personal service, and uburetwa, a corvée system in which Hutu were forced to work for Tutsi chiefs. Rwabugiri's changes caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations.
 The Berlin Conference of 1884 assigned the territory to Germany, but with the boundaries not precisely defined. When explorer Gustav Adolf von Götzen explored the country in 1894, he discovered that the Kingdom of Rwanda included a fertile region to the east of Lake Kivu. Germany wanted this region, but it was also claimed by Leopold II as part of the Belgian Congo. To justify its claim, Germany began a policy of ruling through the Rwandan monarchy, and supporting Tutsi chiefs around the country; this system had the added benefit of enabling colonisation with small European troop numbers. Yuhi V Musinga, who emerged as king following a succession crisis caused by death of his father Rwabugiri, and had also endured fighting with Belgian troops, welcomed the Germans and used them to strengthen his rule. German rule thus allowed Rwabugiri's centralistion policy to continue, while the rift between Tutsi and Hutu grew wider.
 Belgian forces took control of Rwanda and Burundi during World War I, and the country was formally passed to Belgian control by a League of Nations mandate in 1919. Belgium initially continued the German style of governing through the monarchy, but from 1926 began a policy of more direct colonial rule. The reforms included simplifying the complex chieftaincy system so that one chief, usually a Tutsi, controlled all aspects of rule for a local area rather than the previous three, who were typically split between Tutsi and Hutu. Belgian reforms also extended uburetwa to apply to individuals rather than whole communities, and spread it to regions not previously covered by the system. Simultaneously, the Tutsi chiefs began a process of land reform, with Belgian support. Grazing areas traditionally under the control of Hutu collectives were seized by Tutsi and privatised, with minimal compensation.