Kriminalpolitik und Rechtsstaat: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

#Zweitens zerstört die Prohibition die Grundrechte: Feindstrafrecht, Vorverlagerung, Prozessuale Rechte, Aushandeln der Wahrheit (plea bargaining). Je länger der Kampf dauert, desto mehr Kompetenzen erhält die Exekutive, desto mehr treten die Grundrechte in den Hintergrund. Verletzung der Handlungsfreiheit durch Drogenprohibition (fehlende Geeignetheit und Verhältnismäßigkeit): Douglas Husak, Drogas y Derechos.

#Drittens zerstört die Prohibition das Recht und den Staat selbst: Konkurrierende Ordnungsformen der Gewalt in Bandenform (favelas, Gefängnisse). Diese Anarchie wollen die Ordnungshüter nicht dulden. Sie ziehen in den Krieg und begehen extralegale Hinrichtungen. Extrajudicial killings (also known as extrajudicial executions) are killings of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal process. Extrajudicial punishments are mostly seen by humanity to be unethical, since they bypass the due process of the legal jurisdiction in which they occur.[citation needed] Extrajudicial killings often target leading political, trade union, dissident, religious, and social figures and are only those carried out by the state government or other state authorities like the armed forces or police, as extra-legal fulfillment of their prescribed role. - Section 3(a) of the United States Torture Victim Protection Act contains a definition of extrajudicial killing: a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgement pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation. - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing Extrajudicial killings] and death squads are common in Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Central America, India, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, several nations or regions in Africa, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi, Jamaica, Kosovo, Russia, Uzbekistan, parts of Thailand, Turkey, in the Philippines, Tajikistan,Papua New Guinea, and by Israeli forces. -[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa35/5517/2017/en/ Amnesty International (2017) Extrajudicial killings Philippines]. - Dazu sichern sie sich ab: einerseits durch Vereinbarungen mit den Banden, andererseits durch Vereinbarungen mit Politik und Verwaltung. Das ist das Phänomen der Milizen. Das findet sich heute auch in den Philippinen. Mit Billigung der Regierung. Autoritarismus statt Liberalismus. Doppelstaat statt Rechtsstaat.  

:The book shows how little the democracies of Argentina and Brazil have departed from the “dirty war” tactics employed by their authoritarian predecessors in the 1970s dictatorships. It shows that indeed democracies can prove even more lethal, as exemplified by the 7,500 police killings that took place in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil alone during the 1990s in comparison with the almost 600 assassinations in the whole country during the 1964-85 dictatorship. In fact, the Paulista police killed 1,428 people in the single year 1992. The conviction rates are no less chilling: 5 percent in Sao Paulo and Salvador da Bahia (Brazil), 20 percent in Buenos Aires (Argentina), 40 percent in Córdoba (Argentina), and 50 percent in Uruguay, whose population is comparable to the smaller cities of the other two countries. Yet even in Córdoba, the high conviction rate, always in relation to the other cases, is accompanied by the highest degree of outcome inequality along class lines since “a police officer who kills a middle-class individual is more than twice as likely to be convicted as one who kills a lower income resident” (p. 11).

:Another key piece in this puzzle is the quality of the information presented in the courts, a byproduct of the credibility of the witnesses and the available evidence. Interestingly, the system is not only shaped by the laws that judges apply but also by informational failures and procedural truth, which is, in most cases, a “police-crafted reality” (p. 176). Almost invariably, with the notable exception of Uruguay, the lower-class victims, the undereducated, and the marginalized are more likely to become victims and have fewer resources to craft another reality. The legal system is notably impaired by the police, who investigate their own crimes and commit many other illegal acts, from planting guns to manipulating forensic evidence. As Brinks shows, the social and political support for violent police tactics, much stronger in Brazil than in Argentina and Uruguay, also shapes judicial outcomes. In Salvador da Bahia, where the odds of being shot by the police are sixty times higher than in Uruguay, '''“the laws have been pushed aside to make way for killing the socially undesirable”''' (p. 223).

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7oRpeaA20Y Inside the World's Toughest Prisons: Philippines (2016)]

# Gegenbanden = Milizen (grupos de extermínio; escuadrones de muerte) mit eigenen Verfahren, Strafen, bzw. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4a9kfQ7ja28 Exekutionen von Bandenmitgliedern]

# Banden können von Milizen verdrängt oder kooptiert werden. Diese Milizen arbeiten mafia-ähnlich (cosca mit gewaltbereiten jungen Männern, partito mit Beziehungen zu Politik und Verwaltung, Polizei und Militär; Zwangs-Abonnements/Steuern/Schutzgeld)

Hohe Kriminalitätsraten (geringe Geltung der Gesetze)