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Homicide in the Context of Killing (USP): Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
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*Similarly controversial is the act of taking one's own life. Suicide in all its forms (Émile Durkheim: egoistic because of loneliness, altruistic for furthering a cause, anomic because of a great loss or ritualistic because of collapse under extreme social expectations) is today more frequent than homicide, and according to statistics even more frequent than homicide and killing in the context of armed conflicts combined. | *Similarly controversial is the act of taking one's own life. Suicide in all its forms (Émile Durkheim: egoistic because of loneliness, altruistic for furthering a cause, anomic because of a great loss or ritualistic because of collapse under extreme social expectations) is today more frequent than homicide, and according to statistics even more frequent than homicide and killing in the context of armed conflicts combined. | ||
*Then there is the killing of enemies in times of war. This kind of killing sticks out in its positive moral evaluation. It, too, is controversial, but its dominant moral and above all juridical evaluation is positive in the sense that it is seen as the obligation of a citizen to follow the state's call to arms, and those who refuse to do so are subject to punishment. Notwithstanding the fact that internal and international armed conflicts have cost the lives of a billion people over the course of history, the dissident voices that want to stigmatize and prohibit wars have not become effective (yet). | *Then there is the killing of enemies in times of war. This kind of killing sticks out in its positive moral evaluation. It, too, is controversial, but its dominant moral and above all juridical evaluation is positive in the sense that it is seen as the obligation of a citizen to follow the state's call to arms, and those who refuse to do so are subject to punishment. Notwithstanding the fact that internal and international armed conflicts have cost the lives of a billion people over the course of history, the dissident voices that want to stigmatize and prohibit wars have not become effective (yet). | ||
*Killing in self-defense by private individuals, by police, by sub-state actors and by state actors is another modality of killing - and a popular excuse for aggression and over-reaction because it is one of the few possibilities of avoiding social shame and punishment for the act of killing. | *Killing in self-defense by private individuals, by police, by sub-state actors and by state actors is another modality of killing - and a popular excuse for aggression and over-reaction because it is one of the few possibilities of avoiding social shame and punishment for the act of killing. | ||
*Then there is the killing of humans by humans in the context of legal punishment. The death penalty is similarly controversial to abortion, euthanasia, and suicide, and while some countries and ethics and religions see capital punishment as god-given, necessary, useful or at least unproblematic, others strive to abolish it not only in their own jurisdictions, but worldwide. At present, two thirds of all of the world's countries have abolished it de facto or de jure - but since those countries are the smaller ones, and since all the big countries still have it (China, India, Japan, USA), two thirds of the world's population live in countries that still have and still use hanging, shooting, decapitating, or lethal injections. | |||
*Finally, there is the intentional killing of another human being at the sole (juridical) responsibility of the person who takes the other one's life. This homicide stricto sensu will be at the center of today's attention. | *Finally, there is the intentional killing of another human being at the sole (juridical) responsibility of the person who takes the other one's life. This homicide stricto sensu will be at the center of today's attention. | ||