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== 1980s ==
= Timeline =
*1982: Bashar's father, Hafez al-Assad, ordered a military crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood in Hama, which killed between 10,000-40,000 people and flattened much of the city. That accounts for the Muslim Brotherhood's opposition to Bashar al-Assad.
In 1982, Bashar's father, Hafez al-Assad, ordered a military crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood in Hama, which killed between 10,000-40,000 people and flattened much of the city. That accounts for the Muslim Brotherhood's opposition to Bashar al-Assad.


== 2011 ==
== 2011 ==
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*In addition to Aleppo, the Syrian government currently controls the capital, Damascus, parts of southern Syria and Deir Az Zor, much of the area near the Syrian-Lebanese border, and the northwestern coastal region. Rebel groups, ISIL, and Kurdish forces control the rest of the country.
*In addition to Aleppo, the Syrian government currently controls the capital, Damascus, parts of southern Syria and Deir Az Zor, much of the area near the Syrian-Lebanese border, and the northwestern coastal region. Rebel groups, ISIL, and Kurdish forces control the rest of the country.


== The Syrian Government and its Supporters ==
= Participants in the Conflict =
*Iran and Iraq support Assad, as does Lebanon-based Hezbollah. Russia.
*Government and Supporters: Iran and Iraq support Assad, as does Lebanon-based Hezbollah. Russia.


== The Revolutionaries and their Supporters==
*The Revolutionaries and their Supporters:
*Since the Free Syrian Army formed in 2011, many new rebel groups have joined the fighting in Syria, including ISIL, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, Iran-backed Hezbollah, Iranian and Afghan fighters, and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) dominated by the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG). The FSA has weakened as the war has progressed, while explicitly Islamist groups such as the al-Nusra Front became empowered. ISIL emerged in northern and eastern Syria in 2013 after overrunning large portions of Iraq. The group quickly gained international notoriety for its brutal executions and its energetic use of social media. The ranks of ISIL include a sizeable number of fighters from around the world. - al-Nusra Front leader, Abu Mohammed al-Joulani, announced in 2016 his group's name changed to Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, or The Front for liberation of al-Sham, and severed ties with al-Qaeda. - The rebel group [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcons_of_al-Ghab Falcons of al-Ghab, in: en.wikipedia.org] (2012-15) associated with the FSA, after the killing of its leader in 2015 by Al Nusra Front, the group was dissolved and integrated into Jaysh al-Nasr (Army of Victory).  
#Since the Free Syrian Army formed in 2011, many new rebel groups have joined the fighting in Syria, including ISIL, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, Iran-backed Hezbollah, Iranian and Afghan fighters, and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) dominated by the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG). The FSA has weakened as the war has progressed, while explicitly Islamist groups such as the al-Nusra Front became empowered. ISIL emerged in northern and eastern Syria in 2013 after overrunning large portions of Iraq. The group quickly gained international notoriety for its brutal executions and its energetic use of social media. The ranks of ISIL include a sizeable number of fighters from around the world. - al-Nusra Front leader, Abu Mohammed al-Joulani, announced in 2016 his group's name changed to Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, or The Front for liberation of al-Sham, and severed ties with al-Qaeda. - The rebel group [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcons_of_al-Ghab Falcons of al-Ghab, in: en.wikipedia.org] (2012-15) associated with the FSA, after the killing of its leader in 2015 by Al Nusra Front, the group was dissolved and integrated into Jaysh al-Nasr (Army of Victory).  
*Several Arab states, along with Turkey, have provided weapons and materiel to rebel groups in Syria. Sunni-majority states including Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and others staunchly support the rebels.
#Several Arab states, along with Turkey, have provided weapons and materiel to rebel groups in Syria. Sunni-majority states including Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and others staunchly support the rebels.
*Turkish troops and special forces backed by the Free Syria Army, launched in August 2016 operation " Euphrates Shield" against ISIL to liberate the strategic Syrian city of Jarablus on the border with Turkey and to stop the advance of Kurdish militia fighters. Turkey's government fears its large native Kurdish population may grow more restive and demand greater autonomy as a result of increased Kurdish control in northeast Syria.
#Turkish troops and special forces backed by the Free Syria Army, launched in August 2016 operation " Euphrates Shield" against ISIL to liberate the strategic Syrian city of Jarablus on the border with Turkey and to stop the advance of Kurdish militia fighters. Turkey's government fears its large native Kurdish population may grow more restive and demand greater autonomy as a result of increased Kurdish control in northeast Syria.
*In March 2017, Turkey officially ended the Euphrates Shield military operation, but struck again in April against Kurdish PKK targets in the Karachok Mountains. Turkey's top officials have also criticised the US' decision to arm Kurdish fighters battling ISIL in Syria.  
#In March 2017, Turkey officially ended the Euphrates Shield military operation, but struck again in April against Kurdish PKK targets in the Karachok Mountains. Turkey's top officials have also criticised the US' decision to arm Kurdish fighters battling ISIL in Syria.  
*Israel also carried out air strikes inside Syria, the latest of which on Damascus and Quneitra. Purportedly hitting Hizbollah arms deliveries. Israel and Syria are technically at war since 1948, but the border remained largely quiet since 1973. - WATCH: Syria: Under Russia's Fist (25:00). WATCH: US strike in Syria: Game changer or deterrent? (25:00)
#Israel also carried out air strikes inside Syria, the latest of which on Damascus and Quneitra. Purportedly hitting Hizbollah arms deliveries. Israel and Syria are technically at war since 1948, but the border remained largely quiet since 1973. - WATCH: Syria: Under Russia's Fist (25:00). WATCH: US strike in Syria: Game changer or deterrent? (25:00)


== USA ==
= Role of the USA =
Die USA verkünden westliche Werte, akzeptieren Wahlergebnisse aber nur, wenn der Gewinner genehm ist: Algerien 1992, Staatsstreich gegen Mursi 2013. Keine Einwände gegen Annullierung der ägyptischen Wahlen 2011/12 durch das Mubarak-treue Oberste Gericht. - Wer sich dem Hegemonieanspruch der USA widersetzt, wird mit Sanktionen überzogen. Iran, Syrien, Irak, Libyen, Russland ... Wenn ein Staat implodiert, antworten die USA mit unerklärten schmutzigen Kriegen, vielfach von Söldnern geführt, stets auf der Jagd nach Terroristen Drohnen in Pakistan, Jemen, Somalia, Libyen, Irak und zunehmend auch Syrien. "Über die Zahl der Todesopfer dieser offiziell meist geleugneten Einsätze lässt sich nur spekulieren, allein in Afghanistan sollen es i nden Jahren der Besatzung (2001-2014) über 10 000 gewesen sein, mehrheitlich Zivilisten, die meist als 'Kollatoralschaden' geführt werden (Lüders 2015: 112).
Die USA verkünden westliche Werte, akzeptieren Wahlergebnisse aber nur, wenn der Gewinner genehm ist: Algerien 1992, Staatsstreich gegen Mursi 2013. Keine Einwände gegen Annullierung der ägyptischen Wahlen 2011/12 durch das Mubarak-treue Oberste Gericht. - Wer sich dem Hegemonieanspruch der USA widersetzt, wird mit Sanktionen überzogen. Iran, Syrien, Irak, Libyen, Russland ... Wenn ein Staat implodiert, antworten die USA mit unerklärten schmutzigen Kriegen, vielfach von Söldnern geführt, stets auf der Jagd nach Terroristen Drohnen in Pakistan, Jemen, Somalia, Libyen, Irak und zunehmend auch Syrien. "Über die Zahl der Todesopfer dieser offiziell meist geleugneten Einsätze lässt sich nur spekulieren, allein in Afghanistan sollen es i nden Jahren der Besatzung (2001-2014) über 10 000 gewesen sein, mehrheitlich Zivilisten, die meist als 'Kollatoralschaden' geführt werden (Lüders 2015: 112).


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= Weblinks and Bibliography =
= Weblinks and Bibliography =
*[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronik_des_Bürgerkriegs_in_Syrien_2011 Chronik des Bürgerkriegs in Syrien 2011, in: de.wikipedia.org]
*[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronik_des_Bürgerkriegs_in_Syrien_2011 Chronik des Bürgerkriegs in Syrien 2011, in: de.wikipedia.org]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War Syrian Civil War, in: en.wikipedia.org]
*Clausewitz, Carl von (1966) Meine Vorlesungen über den kleinen Krieg, gehalten auf der Kriegs-Schule 1810 und 1811, in: Clausewitz, Carl von: Schriften, Aufsätze, Studien, Briefe, Bd. 1, hrsg. von Werner Hahlweg, Göttingen: 208-599.
*Clausewitz, Carl von (1966) Meine Vorlesungen über den kleinen Krieg, gehalten auf der Kriegs-Schule 1810 und 1811, in: Clausewitz, Carl von: Schriften, Aufsätze, Studien, Briefe, Bd. 1, hrsg. von Werner Hahlweg, Göttingen: 208-599.
*[http://www.bpb.de/apuz/26279/krieg-und-politik-im-21-jahrhundert?p=all Hoch, Martin (2002) Krieg und Politik im 21. Jahrhundert. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B 20/2001]
*[http://www.bpb.de/apuz/26279/krieg-und-politik-im-21-jahrhundert?p=all Hoch, Martin (2002) Krieg und Politik im 21. Jahrhundert. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B 20/2001]
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