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It is worth asking some questions concerning how and why it came about, who were the pro-tagonists, the antagonists, and in how far an outside observer would have attributed the suc-cess of anti slavery activities to economic necessity.  
It is worth asking some questions concerning how and why it came about, who were the pro-tagonists, the antagonists, and in how far an outside observer would have attributed the suc-cess of anti slavery activities to economic necessity.  


Table 1: Abolishing the transatlantic slave trade
*1765 After the tragic Sally slave ship voyage, Moses Brown, one of four funding Rhode Island brothers, turns abolitionist and converts to Quakerism
1787 Society for Effecting the Aboli-tion of Slavery Th Clarkson, Gr Sharp et al. Small group, forceful ideology
*1787 Society for Effecting the Abolition of Slavery Th Clarkson, Gr Sharp et al. Small group, forceful ideology
1807 Slave Trade Act Abolition of slave trade in British Empire
*1807 Slave Trade Act Abolition of slave trade in British Empire Pressing others to abolish their slave trades
Pressing others to abolish their slave trades
*Slavery remains legal in B Empire until Slavery Abolition Act 1833. As part of the deal, parliament agreed to pay £20m in compensation, not to slaves but to the slave owners. - US, DK, S, NL consent, F follows 1848, BR 1852 after robust threats; ES, P high compensations make them end the trade, too.
Slavery remains legal in B Empire until Slavery Abo-lition Act 1833. At the expense of third parties
US, DK, S, NL consent
F follows 1848
BR 1852 after robust threats
ES, P compensations 1853
1853 Spain and Portugal agree to end the trade
 


===The End of Slavery===
===The End of Slavery===
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===Reading===
===Reading===
*Hochschild, Adam (2005) Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves. Hough-ton-Mifflin
*Hochschild, Adam (2005) Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves. Hough-ton-Mifflin
:About this book (Robin White in The Guardian): In just a few years at the end of the 18th century, a small group of men (and one woman) took on the vested interests of state, church and big business - and won. .. There was Granville Sharp, a royal musi-cian who rescued a slave, Jonathan Strong, who had been brought to London by his master and so badly beaten up that he nearly died. Sharp went to court and had the slave freed. There was James Steven, a philanderer whose law studies had been financed by an uncle who bought sick slaves, cheaply, and oiled and fattened them up for resale. There was Olaudah Equiano, an eloquent, freed Igbo slave, who gatecrashed London society and wrote bestselling books about his own experiences. .. But above all there was the abolitionist's most tireless worker, Thomas Clarkson. He was a giant of a man, more than 6ft tall, with striking red hair. Clarkson sprang into prominence when he entered, and won, England's top Latin essay competition. His chosen subject was the slave trade and his tract became famous. For the rest of his life he rode and walked the length of Britain (and quite a lot of France, too) addressing meetings, writing pamphlets, collecting signatures on petitions, and compiling a wealth of evidence on the horrors of the slave trade. . With the help of the Quakers (the only religious group to campaign wholeheartedly against the trade) Clarkson founded the all-white anti-slavery committee in 1787 at 18 Old Jewry, in the heart of the City of London. Initially they had spectacular successes. Slavery became the cause of the day. Newspapers took it up. It was the most discussed subject in London's popular debating societies. Just about every town and city in the country organised petitions on scrolls. One hundred and three were sent to parliament with 60,000 signatures. One scroll stretched the entire length of the debating chamber. -But when it came to votes in parliament, even the tiny but eloquent Wilberforce couldn't win the day. The 18th century may have been the age of enlightenment but there was a limited franchise and MPs did not need to respond to the wishes of the masses. Those who benefited from the slave trade fought back, employing lobby groups, bribing politicians and journalists. Wilberforce lost the debate by 163 votes to 88. It was a humbling experience, because it was not even a vote to abolish slavery as a whole, just the trade in slaves. (The argument was that if the human traffic could be stopped, then slavery itself would eventually wither and die.) Clarkson and his friends were not discouraged. There was a nationwide sugar boycott - sugar sales dropped by a third. William Pitt, the prime minister, was enlisted on their side, and he spoke on the abolitionists' behalf in the second parliamentary debate a year later. But vested interests and those who argued that if Britain banned the trade then France would cash in again triumphed. (Then big politics distracted public attention and the conditions of slaves got worse instead of better. Later on, though) electoral reform was in the air, and women's voices were beginning to be heard. The loudest was that of Elizabeth Heyrick, a former teacher and convert to the Quakers. In 1824 she published a pamhlet entitled "Immediate Not Gradual Abolition". Not for her the banning of the slave trade - she wanted all slavery ended for ever. Meanwhile, British soldiers, sent to the Caribbean to suppress slave revolts, returned home with a true picture of the evils of slavery. Their voices added to the clamour. The tide was finally turned and the emancipation bill was passed in 1833. But the victory was a tarnished one: as part of the deal, parliament agreed to pay £20m in compensation, not to slaves but to the slave owners.


==Prostitution==
==Prostitution==
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===Reading===
===Reading===
Miriam, Kathy (2005) Stopping the Traffic in Women: Power, Agency and Abolition in Feminist Debates over Sex-Trafficking. Journal of Social Philosophy. Volume 36, 1, 1–17
*Miriam, Kathy (2005) Stopping the Traffic in Women: Power, Agency and Abolition in Feminist Debates over Sex-Trafficking. Journal of Social Philosophy. Volume 36, 1, 1–17
Moore, Roderick (1993) Josephine Butler (1828-1906). Feminist, Christian, and Libertarian. London: Libertarian Alliance
*Moore, Roderick (1993) Josephine Butler (1828-1906). Feminist, Christian, and Libertarian. London: Libertarian Alliance


==Death Penalty==
==Death Penalty==
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===Reading===
===Reading===
Evans, Richard (1996) Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987. Oxford University Press
*Evans, Richard (1996) Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987. Oxford University Press
Garland, David (2010) Peculiar Institution. America's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition. OUP/Harvard Uni-versity Press
*Garland, David (2010) Peculiar Institution. America's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition. OUP/Harvard Uni-versity Press


==Prisons==
==Prisons==
===Protagonists, Milestones, Setbacks===
===Quakers===
(1) GIP and Michel Foucault; ICOPA, KROM, KRIM, KRAK and Thomas Mathiesen
 
No concrete alternatives. Deus absconditus. Negative reform. Unfinished. What is an alterna-tive to prisons? Any contradiction in means and/or ends. Focus on victim instead of offender?
The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers, 1981):
(2) The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers, 1981)
 
Friends, partly through their own experiences in the prisons of the seventeenth century, became concerned about the treatment of the accused or convicted. Friends witnessed to their concern for the Divine Spirit in humans by seeing prisons as an alternative to corporal or capital punishment. Subsequently, they worked for reform of these prisons. Today, Friends are becoming aware that prisons are a destructive and expensive failure as a response to crime. We are, therefore, turning our efforts to reform prisons to efforts to replace them with non-punitive, life-affirming and reconciling responses. - The prison system is both a cause and a result of violence and social injustice. Throughout history, the majority of prisoners have been the powerless and the oppressed. We are increasingly clear that the imprisonment of human beings, like their enslave-ment, is inherently immoral and is as destructive to the cagers as the caged. The challenge before us is to use alternatives based on economic and social justice and on the fulfillment of human needs. Some alter-natives to prisons have already been developed and more are needed to bring about reconciliation and healing within the community. Friends need to seek out, develop and support such programs. At the same time, we need to foster awareness in ourselves and others of the roots of crime and violence in society to ensure that our lives do not unintentionally reinforce these evils. Prison abolition is both a process and a long-term goal. In the interim, there is a great need for friends to reach out to and to support all those affected: guards, prisoners, victims and families. We recognize a need for restraint of those few who are exhibiting dangerous behaviour. The kind of restraint used and the help offered during this time must reflect our concern for that of God in every person.”
:Friends, partly through their own experiences in the prisons of the seventeenth century, became concerned about the treatment of the accused or convicted. Friends witnessed to their concern for the Divine Spirit in humans by seeing prisons as an alternative to corporal or capital punishment. Subsequently, they worked for reform of these prisons.
Proposals for prison reform and proposed alternatives to prisons differ significantly depending on the political beliefs behind them. Proposals and tactics often include:
 
Penal system reforms (substituting, for incarceration, supervised release, probation, restitu-tion to victims, and/or community work; decreasing terms of imprisonment by abolishing mandatory minimum sentencing; decreasing ethnic disparity in prison populations), Prison condition reforms; Abolition of specific laws that increase prison populations (drug laws, sex work laws, alcohol restrictions); fighting wrongful convictions. The Innocence Project.
:Today, Friends are becoming aware that prisons are a destructive and expensive failure as a response to crime. We are, therefore, turning our efforts to reform prisons to efforts to replace them with non-punitive, life-affirming and reconciling responses.
 
:The prison system is both a cause and a result of violence and social injustice. Throughout history, the majority of prisoners have been the powerless and the oppressed. We are increasingly clear that the imprisonment of human beings, like their enslavement, is inherently immoral and is as destructive to the cagers as the caged.
 
:The challenge before us is to use alternatives based on economic and social justice and on the fulfillment of human needs. Some alternatives to prisons have already been developed and more are needed to bring about reconciliation and healing within the community. Friends need to seek out, develop and support such programs.
 
:At the same time, we need to foster awareness in ourselves and others of the roots of crime and violence in society to ensure that our lives do not unintentionally reinforce these evils. Prison abolition is both a process and a long-term goal. In the interim, there is a great need for friends to reach out to and to support all those affected: guards, prisoners, victims and families.
 
:We recognize a need for restraint of those few who are exhibiting dangerous behaviour. The kind of restraint used and the help offered during this time must reflect our concern for that of God in every person.”
 
=== Gradualism ===
No criminal policy should counteract materially or ideologically the goal of reducing and finally abolishing the prison system.
 
Gradualists favour a slow and steady reduction of the prison system. They advocate
#ending overcriminalization by limiting prison sentences to serious crime
#correcting the sentencing system by substituting, for incarceration, supervised release, probation, restitution to victims, and/or community work; decreasing terms of imprisonment by abolishing mandatory minimum sentencing; decreasing ethnic disparity in prison populations; fighting wrongful convictions; fighting class, race, gender bias in the judicial system
#community-controlled courts, councils, or assemblies to control the problem of social crime (there would be fewer prisoners if society treated people more fairly)
 
Organizations: GIP (Michel Foucault); ICOPA, KROM, KRIM, KRAK and Thomas Mathiesen (negative reforms; unfinished; an alternative to prisons is any contradiction to the prison system's means and ends. Shifting the focus from the offender to the victim, e.g.).
 
Most arguments against prisons are not based on moral principle, but could be understood as arguments in favor of reforming the prison and making it more just. Thomas Mathiesen: 8 arguments for a prison building moratorium (UN congress Milano, 1985):
 
#special prevention does not work and violates human rights
#General prevention does not work
#Overcrowding should be prevented by other means than building more prisons
#New construction is irreversible
#Prisons have an expansionist, self-maintaining and self-expanding character
#Prisons are humiliating
#Prisons reveal how a society thinks about human beings and conflict resolution
#Prisons are a waste of money.


:Abolitionist views according to Wikipedia: In place of prisons, some abolitionists propose community-controlled courts, councils, or assemblies to control the problem of social crime. They argue that with the destruction of capitalism, and the self-management of production by workers and communities, property crimes would largely vanish. A large part of the problem, according to some, is the way the judicial system deals with prisoners, people and capital. They argue that there would be fewer prisoners if society treated people more fairly, regardless of gender, color, ethnic background, sexual orientation, education, etc.
The injustice of the prison system:
#Lack of proper legal representation: Eighty percent of people accused of crimes [in the United States] are unable to afford a lawyer to defend them." The US Supreme Court held in 1963 that a poor person facing felony charges "cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him."
#War on drugs conceals racial tension. Appr. one quarter of people in U.S. prisons or jails have been convicted of a drug offense. On any given day, 30 percent of African-American males aged 20- 29 are under correctional supervision. They constitute 13 percent of all drug users, but 35 percent of those arrested for drug possession, 55 percent of persons convicted, and 74 percent of people sent to prison.


Arguments made for prison abolition can also be made for making prisons more just:
=== Abolitionism ===
(1) Lack of proper legal representation: Eighty percent of people accused of crimes [in the United States] are unable to afford a lawyer to defend them." The US Supreme Court held in 1963 that a poor person facing felony charges "cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him."
*The Massachusetts Statewide Harm Reduction Coalition says: the prison system is in violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which is prescribing life, liberty, equality and justice to all people without discrimination of any sort as an inalienable right. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has also abolished all forms of slavery and genocide, including torture, repression and oppression that prisons thrive upon.
*Imprisonment is seen by some as violent behaviour producing a "boomerang effect of dehumanisation" on the society. Furthermore, prisons are used as a "default asylum" for many individuals with mental illness: "why do governmental units choose to spend billions of dollars a year to concentrate people with serious illnesses in a system designed to punish intentional lawbreaking, when doing so matches neither the putative purposes of that system nor most effectively addresses the issues posed by that population?" (Amanda Pustlinik)


(2) War on drugs conceals racial tension
*Dutch criminologist Herman Thomas Bianchi is no friend of prisons, either:
Appr. one quarter of people in U.S. prisons or jails have been convicted of a drug offense. On any given day, 30 percent of African-American males aged 20- 29 are under correctional supervision. They constitute 13 percent of all drug users, but 35 percent of those arrested for drug possession, 55 percent of persons convicted, and 74 percent of people sent to prison.
The Massachusetts Statewide Harm Reduction Coalition says: the prison system is in violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which is prescribing life, liberty, equality and justice to all people without discrimination of any sort as an inalienable right. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has also abolished all forms of slavery and genocide, including torture, repression and oppression that prisons thrive upon.
Imprisonment is seen by some as violent behaviour producing a "boomerang effect of dehumanisation" on the society. Furthermore, prisons are used as a "default asylum" for many individuals with mental illness: "why do governmental units choose to spend billions of dollars a year to concentrate people with serious illnesses in a system designed to punish intentional lawbreaking, when doing so matches neither the putative purposes of that system nor most effectively addresses the issues posed by that population?" (Amanda Pustlinik)
Mathiesen gave 8 arguments for a prison building moratorium (UN congress Milano, 1985):
1. Special prevention does not work and violates human rights
2. General prevention does not work
3. Overcrowding should be prevented by other means than building more prisons
4. New construction is irreversible
5. Prisons have an expansionist, self-maintaining and self-expanding character
6. Prisons are humiliating
7. Prisons reveal how a society thinks about human beings and conflict resolution
8. Prisons are a waste of money
Dutch criminologist Herman Thomas Bianchi is no friend of prisons, either:
They remind him of concentration camps. And he is prepared to sketch his ideas. Holland contains ten thousand incarcerated persons. Six hundred of them present an acute danger. They would fit in one pris-on. He lived among Mohawks in an American reservation a couple of times. They are unfamiliar with criminal law. Jesus said a wrongdoer should be invited seventy times seven times to make up. According to Indian practise, you should ask ten times. But our criminal law does not ask once. Bianchi believes so-ciety should try to induce each criminal to show remorse and to make up. Prison could serve as a last re-sort for those who are absolutely unwilling or unable to show remorse. This principle of reconciliation, restorative justice, is gaining more proponents worldwide.
They remind him of concentration camps. And he is prepared to sketch his ideas. Holland contains ten thousand incarcerated persons. Six hundred of them present an acute danger. They would fit in one pris-on. He lived among Mohawks in an American reservation a couple of times. They are unfamiliar with criminal law. Jesus said a wrongdoer should be invited seventy times seven times to make up. According to Indian practise, you should ask ten times. But our criminal law does not ask once. Bianchi believes so-ciety should try to induce each criminal to show remorse and to make up. Prison could serve as a last re-sort for those who are absolutely unwilling or unable to show remorse. This principle of reconciliation, restorative justice, is gaining more proponents worldwide.
Nor has Heinz Steinert been friend of prisons (in: Feest & Paul 2008):  
Nor has Heinz Steinert been friend of prisons (in: Feest & Paul 2008):  
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===Reading===
===Reading===
Christie, Nils (1994/2013) Crime control as industry. London: Routledge
*Christie, Nils (1994/2013) Crime control as industry. London: Routledge
Davis, Angela (1999) The Prison Industrial Complex, CD-ROM (Audiobook), AK Press
*Davis, Angela (1999) The Prison Industrial Complex, CD-ROM (Audiobook), AK Press
Mathiesen, Thomas (2000) Prison on trial, 2nd ed., Winchester
*Mathiesen, Thomas (2000) Prison on trial, 2nd ed., Winchester
Morris, Mark (1976). Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists. Syracuse, NY: Prison Research Education Action Project.  
*Morris, Mark (1976). Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists. Syracuse, NY: Prison Research Education Action Project.  
Religious Society of Friends. Minute on Prison Abolition Approved by the Canadian Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends in 1981 (Minute 93)  
*Religious Society of Friends. Minute on Prison Abolition Approved by the Canadian Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends in 1981 (Minute 93)


==Penal Law, Criminal Justice, Punishment==
==Penal Law, Criminal Justice, Punishment==
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