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#and which should therefore be done away with, in the eyes of abolitionists, immediately and completely.  
#and which should therefore be done away with, in the eyes of abolitionists, immediately and completely.  


To sum it all up: all abolitionist movements are calling for the immediate end of a legal institution they see as inhumane.
To sum it all up: all abolitionist movements are calling for the immediate end of a legal institution they see as an offense to a just social order.


Where do these higher principles come from? Often, they are derived from religion, but they might also be linked to natural law, international law, and/or principles of philosophy.  
Where do these higher principles come from? Often, they are derived from religion, but they might also be linked to natural law, international law, and/or principles of philosophy.  
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What is justice? What is tolerable? And what should never ever be tolerated by any human society? Here we touch upon [http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Gallie-Essentially-Contested-Concepts.pdf essentially contested concepts] and fundamental conflicts that have been riveting the public of all ages and cultures. By definition, abolitionists turn against an established order by challenging the legitimacy of one of its legal institutions (e.g. slavery) which they, the abolitionists, claim to be utterly unjust and morally completely untenable. This radical reproach does not make them popular with the defenders of the status quo. More often than not they picture abolitionists as irresponsible and dangerous radicals at the lunatic fringes of society. Every now and then, though, history concedes victory to the abolitionist cause - such as in the case of slavery. In those cases, abolitionism gains high respect after victory, and to have overcome an inhumane institution suddenly turns into a source of pride for the whole nation.  
What is justice? What is tolerable? And what should never ever be tolerated by any human society? Here we touch upon [http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Gallie-Essentially-Contested-Concepts.pdf essentially contested concepts] and fundamental conflicts that have been riveting the public of all ages and cultures. By definition, abolitionists turn against an established order by challenging the legitimacy of one of its legal institutions (e.g. slavery) which they, the abolitionists, claim to be utterly unjust and morally completely untenable. This radical reproach does not make them popular with the defenders of the status quo. More often than not they picture abolitionists as irresponsible and dangerous radicals at the lunatic fringes of society. Every now and then, though, history concedes victory to the abolitionist cause - such as in the case of slavery. In those cases, abolitionism gains high respect after victory, and to have overcome an inhumane institution suddenly turns into a source of pride for the whole nation.  


== "Abolitio" in history ==  
== Terminology ==  


In pre-modern times there was an institution called "abolitio". In Roman law, the ''abolitio publica'' (as opposed to the more technical and individual ''abolitio privata'') was comparable to a general amnesty: people who were subject to the criminal justice system were suddenly set free. Whereas an amnesty usually refers to convicts who already had been handed their verdicts, an abolition referred (and refers) to people who are accused of a crime, who are at some stage of the criminal process, but who have not yet been sentenced. In other words: an abolition is an irregular end of a criminal procedure at the will of an (absolute) ruler who exercises his sovereign right to clemency even before a judgment has been reached. The ''abolitio publica'' meant something like "wiping out a criminal prosecution against somebody before a verdict was reached". Ever since the times of the Roman Empire, rulers used some joyful occasions regarding their own rule (a birthday, a crown jubilee, the birth of a long-awaited heir etc.) to temper justice with mercy and to announce abolitions and amnesties.  
In pre-modern times there was an institution called "abolitio". In Roman law, the ''abolitio publica'' (as opposed to the more technical and individual ''abolitio privata'') was comparable to a general amnesty: people who were subject to the criminal justice system were suddenly set free. Whereas an amnesty usually refers to convicts who already had been handed their verdicts, an abolition referred (and refers) to people who are accused of a crime, who are at some stage of the criminal process, but who have not yet been sentenced. In other words: an abolition is an irregular end of a criminal procedure at the will of an (absolute) ruler who exercises his sovereign right to clemency even before a judgment has been reached. The ''abolitio publica'' meant something like "wiping out a criminal prosecution against somebody before a verdict was reached". Ever since the times of the Roman Empire, rulers used some joyful occasions regarding their own rule (a birthday, a crown jubilee, the birth of a long-awaited heir etc.) to temper justice with mercy and to announce abolitions and amnesties.  
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Since these interventions into the process of criminal justice were seen as following no other principle than the whimsical wilfulness of the absolute ruler, they drew a lot of popular resentment. For many, the lettres d'abolition and de cachet were the most striking symbols of the monarchy's violation of the principles of reason, justice, and equality. As a consequence, it was one of the first acts of Revolutionary France after 1789 to abolish the institution of the lettres d'abolition and the lettres de cachet.  
Since these interventions into the process of criminal justice were seen as following no other principle than the whimsical wilfulness of the absolute ruler, they drew a lot of popular resentment. For many, the lettres d'abolition and de cachet were the most striking symbols of the monarchy's violation of the principles of reason, justice, and equality. As a consequence, it was one of the first acts of Revolutionary France after 1789 to abolish the institution of the lettres d'abolition and the lettres de cachet.  


In other countries the practice of executive interference with criminal procedures was not extinct until much later, and in some it still persists until this day.  
In other countries the practice of executive interference with criminal procedures was not extinct until much later, and in some it still persists until this day.
 
The nouns ''abolitionist'' and ''abolitionism'' did not appear until much later. They are linked to demands “from below” against repressive legal institutions considered unjust by those that are propagating their abolition (= abolitionists).


== The First Abolitionist Movements==
== The First Abolitionist Movements==
The nouns ''abolitionist'' and ''abolitionism'' did not appear until much later. They are linked to demands “from below” against repressive legal institutions that are being seen as utterly unjust by some people who therefore demand their abolition (= abolitionists). The first movement that used these terms was the group around Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharpe and others who campaigned – starting in 1787 - against the trans-atlantic slave-trade.


===Trans-atlantic slave trade===  
===Trans-atlantic slave trade===  
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, slavery had few opponents in England. Indeed, English society valued the slave trade for its significant contribution to the nation’s wealth, and romanticized the adventurous lives of traders on the high seas. In the late eighteenth century, however, Quakers and other religious leaders began to change attitudes toward slavery by drawing attention to the inhumanity and cruelty of the slave trade. One of most effective voices against slavery in England was Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846). Clarkson, along with the abolitionist Granville Sharpe, established the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787. To expose the barbarity of the slave trade, Clarkson gathered evidence, such as the tools of torture used on slave ships, and interviewed thousands of slave ship sailors. He also developed powerful allies, such as M.P. William Wilberforce, who used his political influence to lobby for abolitionist causes in Parliament. Clarkson, Granville, Wilberforce, and other activists began spreading their message. They published protest pamphlets, raised funds, and organized public lectures and rallies. Twenty years after the founding of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, their work was partially rewarded by the passage of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 1807. This act prohibited Great Britain from participating in the transatlantic slave trade. (from: “I will be heard” - Origins.)  
The first abolitionist movement known by this name was started by a dozen men around Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharpe. It was called the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Founded in 1787, this association relied on the strength of their moral arguments in quite a hostile environment which used to value the slave trade for its contribution to the nation’s wealth and to romanticize the adventurous lives of traders on the high seas.
 
On the other hand, it was the Age of Enlightenment, and a growing sensibility and empathy had certainly reached Quakers and other religious leaders and had begun to draw attention to the inhumanity and cruelty of the slave trade.
 
:To expose the barbarity of the slave trade, Clarkson gathered evidence, such as the tools of torture used on slave ships, and interviewed thousands of slave ship sailors. He also developed powerful allies, such as M.P. William Wilberforce, who used his political influence to lobby for abolitionist causes in Parliament. Clarkson, Granville, Wilberforce, and other activists began spreading their message. They published protest pamphlets, raised funds, and organized public lectures and rallies. Twenty years after the founding of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, their work was partially rewarded by the passage of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 1807. This act prohibited Great Britain from participating in the transatlantic slave trade. (from: “I will be heard” - Origins.)  


===Slavery===
===Slavery===
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