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Early humans killed each other at a rate of about 2,000 in 100,000, but got more violent during the Middle Ages when the rate shot up to 12,000 in 100,000. After studying 600 human populations from the Stone Age to the present day, researchers concluded that "lethal violence is part of our evolutionary history but not carved in stone in our genes. Levels of violence are influenced by societal pressures and have decreased significantly in the contemporary age. Gomez: The level of lethal violence is reversible and can increase or decrease as a consequence of some ecological, social, or cultural factors.
Early humans killed each other at a rate of about 2,000 in 100,000, but got more violent during the Middle Ages when the rate shot up to 12,000 in 100,000. After studying 600 human populations from the Stone Age to the present day, researchers concluded that "lethal violence is part of our evolutionary history but not carved in stone in our genes. Levels of violence are influenced by societal pressures and have decreased significantly in the contemporary age. Gomez: The level of lethal violence is reversible and can increase or decrease as a consequence of some ecological, social, or cultural factors.


== Future I: The Global Switzerland ==
== Divergent Futures ==


'''8. Maybe human destiny is a world without wars and ever expanding circles of inclusion'''  
'''8. The global Scandinavia: no wars, less homicide, and ever more peaceful cooperation'''  


#''Peace''' for the World (Henner Hess, Weltstaat; Robert Wright: Non-Zero. The Logic of Human Destiny). Convergences in cultural form and dynamics across the globe suggest that for all its richness and diversity humankind is on a trajectory toward a common goal: globalized trade and communication. Notwithstanding tensions of rabid nationalism and environmental perturbation, in the medium and long term the outlook is positive. The end of bloody world wars has already come. The World State only knows military police operations like Libya and the anti-ISIS campaign.  
#'''Peace''' for the World (Henner Hess, Weltstaat; Robert Wright: Non-Zero. The Logic of Human Destiny). Convergences in cultural form and dynamics across the globe suggest that for all its richness and diversity humankind is on a trajectory toward a common goal: globalized trade and communication. Notwithstanding tensions of rabid nationalism and environmental perturbation, in the medium and long term the outlook is positive. The end of bloody world wars has already come. The World State only knows military police operations like Libya and the anti-ISIS campaign.  
#'''Inclusion'''. From the abolition of slavery over workers' rights and voting rights for women, inclusion will proceed to non-human animals (Kymlicka & Davidson: Zoopolis). Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer: The Great Ape Project (GAP, 1993). Advocating a United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Great Apes. Right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture for non-human great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans.
#'''Inclusion'''. From the abolition of slavery over workers' rights and voting rights for women, inclusion will proceed to non-human animals (Kymlicka & Davidson: Zoopolis). Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer: The Great Ape Project (GAP, 1993). Advocating a United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Great Apes. Right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture for non-human great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans.
#New Ethics: From Taking "Thou Shalt not Kill" seriously (Ahimsa) to Transhumanism (h+): Reprogramming Predators (David Pearce).
#'''New Ethics''': From Taking "Thou Shalt not Kill" seriously (Ahimsa) to Transhumanism (h+): Reprogramming Predators (David Pearce). The Fifth Commandment vs. the torah's Sixth Commandment: thou shalt not kill vs. thou shalt not murder (parochial intragroup ethics vs. universalism; specieism/especismo vs. holiness of life). 2 Moises/Deuteronomio ch. 20, v 13: ratsah - to murder; harag - to kill. - Christianity (mis-) translated "murder" into "killing": but it never took "ne occides" (Vulgata; Deuteronominon; Jerome = Hieronymus= Geronimo) seriously. The Bible itself is full of legitimised homicides and genocides. Whereas "thou shalt not kill" (St. James Bible) is a general commandment, it has never been thought of as referring also to the killing of animals or plants.  


== Divergent Futures - Double Standards ==
'''9. The New Helotes: lawlessness and subservience'''


'''10. There will be one future for the Spartans and another one for the Helotes. Luxury and longevity for the former and misery in oppression for the latter.'''
The Helotes' world: rights reduced. With living conditions worsening in relative and absolute terms for the majority, and with no economic function for it, misery and sporadic revolt wil be as common as violent police interventions in hotspot-regions of restless helotes with their reduced rights and conditions. Superfluous, Subordinated, Dispossessed, Displaced, and Derelict: the helots, a subjugated population group that formed the main population of Laconia and Messenia, the territory controlled by Sparta. Their exact status was already disputed in antiquity: according to Critias, they were "slaves to the utmost", whereas according to Pollux, they occupied a status "between free men and slaves". Tied to the land, they primarily worked in agriculture and economically supported the Spartan citizens. At the time of the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC, there were - according to Herodotus - seven helots for each Spartan, which explains the need to keep the helot population in check and prevent rebellions. That was one of the main concerns of the Spartans: helots were ritually mistreated, humiliated and even slaughtered: every autumn the Spartans would declare war on the helots so they could be killed without fear of repercussion. Uprisings and attempts to improve the lot of the helots did occur, but were unsuccessful


At present we are witnessing a renewed increase in deaths by political violence from above and below, including extrajudicial killings and social cleansing, terrorisms, and wars. With universalism (ICC) retreating, parochial altruism (in-group coherence) and xenofobia are drawing new moral boundaries between the Rich and Poor, Races, Nationalities, Cultural segments. The polarisation of income and life-chances begets its own violence to come. Groups will increasingly compete over key resouces, access to which will be scured also by weapons and aggression. With only one superpower, the world state (or empire) will make large-scale wars obsolete. Instead, there will be permanent world policing focussing on terrorist threats and the like.
:Diferentemente dos escravos, os hilotas eram propriedade do Estado, que administrava a produção econômica. Durante a Cripteia um grupo de jovens espartanos era designado para assassinar líderes em potencial entre os hilotas.  


The consequence: an ever deeper cleavage between a kind of Swiss world of the good, richt, and beautiful people and a sad and dark world of the have-nots in terms of material wealth, education, and welfare, the new Helotes.
At present the fight for resources has already begun (water-wars). There is a growing global sub-proletariat without economic function and with no possible integration. They do not live in a coherent territory, but within nation states and mega-cities (see crime maps).  


The Swiss world: rights for animals, too.  
#Fragile Truce: we are witnessing a renewed increase in deaths by political violence from above and below, including extrajudicial killings and social cleansing.
#Exclusion: with universalism retreating, parochial altruism (in-group coherence) and xenofobia are drawing new moral boundaries between classes and races.
#Denizenship: instead of full citizenship, the Helotes will be ruled by a differential system of entitlements and access rules, pitting them against each other through indirect rule (Bantustans, patrolled no-gone zones etc.). Resource allocation will be in the hands of the powerful and their quislings. Incursions and arbitrary arrests and killings will be embedded in that new kind of governance.
#Impoverishment and Oppression.
#Diminished legal status: While the criminal code condemns all murder, law-in-action follows a second code. By and by, what started as the split between the first and second code, will tend to be justified politically and enshrined in formal law. Extended shoot-to-kill-powers for police. See: [[Police killings]] Example: Stephon Clark. Or: Rodrigo Duterte's policy in the Philippines.  


The Helotes world: rights reduced. With living conditions worsening in relative and absolute terms for the majority, and with no economic function for it, misery and sporadic revolt wil be as common as violent police interventions in hotspot-regions of restless helotes with their reduced rights and conditions. Superfluous, Subordinated, Dispossessed, Displaced, and Derelict: the helots, a subjugated population group that formed the main population of Laconia and Messenia, the territory controlled by Sparta. Their exact status was already disputed in antiquity: according to Critias, they were "slaves to the utmost", whereas according to Pollux, they occupied a status "between free men and slaves". Tied to the land, they primarily worked in agriculture and economically supported the Spartan citizens.
The consequence: an ever deeper cleavage between a kind of Scandinavian world of the good, rich, and beautiful - and a sad and dark world of the have-nots in terms of material wealth, education, and welfare, the new Helotes.


The number of helots in relation to Spartan citizens: according to Herodotus, there were seven helots for each Spartan at the time of the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC. Thus the need to keep helot population in check and preventing rebellion was one of the main concerns of the Spartans. Helots were ritually mistreated, humiliated and even slaughtered: every autumn the Spartans would declare war on the helots so they could be killed without fear of repercussion. Uprisings and attempts to improve the lot of the helots did occur, such as the Conspiracy of Cinadon, but proved unsuccessful.
'''10. A necessary condition for the cleavage (decote) is the interplay between good people and those who do the dirty work.'''
 
:Diferentemente dos escravos, os hilotas eram propriedade do Estado, que administrava a produção econômica. Durante a Cripteia um grupo de jovens espartanos era designado para assassinar líderes em potencial entre os hilotas. - The Externalisierungs-Gesellschaft.
 
'''11. What starts as the split between the first and second code, will tend to be justified politically and enshrined in formal law.'''
 
While the criminal code condemns all murder, law-in-action follows a second code.
*Police can execute "bad guys" like [[Police killings]] Stephon Clark who can be considered to constitute a latent risk in a risky situation
*Police can execute suspected drug dealers (and users) - Philippines
 
'''12. A necessary condition for the cleavage (decote) is the interplay between good people and dirty work.'''
 
Everett C. Hughes (1948) Good People- Dirty Work


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
*[https://igarape.org.br/en/apps/homicide-monitor/ Igarapé Institute (2018) Homicide Monitor]
*[https://igarape.org.br/en/apps/homicide-monitor/ Igarapé Institute (2018) Homicide Monitor]
*Hughes, Everett C. (1948) Good People - Dirty Work.
*[https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21739954-latin-americas-violent-crime-and-ways-dealing-it-have-lessons-rest Latin America's Violent Crime ... The Economist 7 April 2018]
*[https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21739954-latin-americas-violent-crime-and-ways-dealing-it-have-lessons-rest Latin America's Violent Crime ... The Economist 7 April 2018]
*[http://temas.folha.uol.com.br/e-agora-brasil-seguranca-publica/ Mena, Fernanda (2018) E agora, Brasil? segurança pública. Um diagnóstico da violência no Brasil, os problemas e as propostas vindas de pesquisas, dados nacionais e internacionais e análises. Folha de S.P., 21 de abril]
*[http://temas.folha.uol.com.br/e-agora-brasil-seguranca-publica/ Mena, Fernanda (2018) E agora, Brasil? segurança pública. Um diagnóstico da violência no Brasil, os problemas e as propostas vindas de pesquisas, dados nacionais e internacionais e análises. Folha de S.P., 21 de abril]
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