Tabakverbot

Der globale Siegeszug des Tabaks hatte viele Hürden zu überwinden, die von sozialer Ächtung über prohibitive Steuern bis zum regelrechten Tabakverbot reichten. Nach der weltweiten Verbreitung des Tabak-Rauchens kam es ab dem späten 20. Jahrhundert zu einer restriktiveren Politik, die das Tabakverbot wieder aktivierte.

Osmanisches Reich

The first Ottoman firman (decree) against the use of tobacco appeared in 1609, showing that smoking it had spread from the larger cities into surrounding towns and villages. According to research conducted by Dr. Fehmi Yılmaz, the reason given for issuing the firman was the amount of time it took to smoke tobacco that kept men from working as well as it causing illness and raising the number of deaths. Moreover the city’s buildings were constructed of wood for the most part and fires frequently broke out. The fire of 1633 was specifically blamed on tobacco. Other firmans followed in 1610, 1614 and 1618, demonstrating that smoking tobacco could not be stamped out. Cultivating the tobacco leaf also spread because it was more profitable to sell it than some more traditional crops, thus upsetting the established food chain.

Katip Çelebi (1609-1657) wrote the “Mizanü’l-haqq” (The Balance of Truth) in 1656 just after the grand vizier of the time tried to stamp out a Sufi order that endeavored to rationalize matters instead of engaging in mysticism. In his work, Çelebi discusses smoking tobacco and drinking coffee, taking a rational approach against forcing people to abandon customs that were rooted in history.- Çelebi points out that trying to enforce firmans against smoking only succeeded in driving people to smoke at home since it was too dangerous to do so in public. - As for smoking tobacco being an innovation – and the door had been closed to innovation centuries earlier – Çelebi comes down on the side of this being an innovation since even the word did not exist in Adam’s time. He further states that tobacco is mekruh, a word that in canon law means “not forbidden by God but looked upon with horror and disgust.” (Redhouse Dictionary) Although he concedes that the scent of tobacco smoke and the tobacco leaf are not unpleasant, the taste it leaves in one’s mouth is. For all of that and other reasons, he concludes by suggesting that it’s simply best to let everybody do what they want to. - De facto legal: Although the firmans against smoking were never rescinded, Yılmaz has pointed out that it became de facto legal to smoke tobacco when the government began to impose a tax on it in 1688. And smoking among the Turks has continued ever since.

Murad IV forbade tobacco and coffee. The cause of the ban is known to be the great fire of Istanbul in the early 1630s, and the coffeehouses in Istanbul have been demolished as a precaution against a rebellion that may arise after the fire. The fatwa is about the killing of tobacco smokers. [15] When the members of the army were identified from tobacco smokers, his hand was broken and his necks had been shot. [16] Because of the tobacco ban, even the chimneys of the houses were sniffed and people in the houses smelling tobacco were killed as punishment. [6] In addition, the establishment of taverns and coffeehouses and the rebels to become the gathering place had made the sultan think. The ban would also be an indication of a re-establishment of the lost state authority. The sultan measured his authority according to the degree to which his ban was obeyed. For this reason, the ban was applied in a very strict manner. IV. Murad ordered the murder of those who did not comply with the ban. He changed his clothes especially in the late hours and checked whether the ban was being complied with and killed the suspects he found. [15] He often did this practice of inspecting clothes and closed many taverns in the night himself with raids and executions. As a superior and sacred figure of the Sultan in the Topkapı Palace, the people of Istanbul, who are accustomed to be present in the palace, exhibit their power directly. That's why he looked at Murad differently. As a result of this application that the Sultan continued until his death, no sovereignty and legend have been produced against the sultan. IV. Murad's rich position in oral culture has been interpreted as a manifestation of his missing authoritarian sultan. IV. Murad also banned the drink [17], but he continued to drink and this addiction to death was a cause of death. From: turkish wikipedia Murad IV

Zaristisches Russland

• Matthew P. Romaniello & Tricia Starks, eds. (2009) Tobacco in Russian History and Culture: The Seventeenth Century to the Present. New York, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
• Matthew P. Romaniello, Muscovy's Extraordinary Ban on Tobacco, in: Romaniello & Starks 2009, 9-25.

p.2: Russian Orthodox Church

p. 15: Punishments. Uloshenje of 1649. Richard Hellie, The Muscovite Law Code of 1649, Part 1, Text and Translation. Irvine, Ca. Charles Schacks 1988, ch. 25, art. 11, 228.

• Tobacco in Russian History and Culture

England

Tabakverbote in Deutschland

- Dieser Beitrag will erst noch geschrieben werden -

Tabakverbote im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert

Tobacco Control Act (Bhutan) 2010, Tobacco Control (Amendment) 2012; Tobacco Control (Amendment) Act 2014 ...

https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/tobacco-control-amendment-act-of-bhutan-2014-lex-faoc162887/

Strengere Tabakregulation durch Neufassung der EU-Tabakproduktrichtlinie im Jahre 2013 (Betriebsräte 2013).

Weblinks und Literatur

• Betriebsräte schimpfen über strengere Tabakregeln. Arbeitnehmervertreter sehen Tausende Arbeitsplätze in Gefahr. Die EU sieht diese Gefahr nicht. FAZ 2.10.13: 14.
• Hess, Henner (1987) Rauchen. Geschichte, Geschäfte, Gefahren. Frankfurt, New York: Campus.
• One of the Ottomans' Favorite Vices: Smoking

Castellano

Murad IV, sultán del império otomano (1623-1640):

Trató de acabar con lo que quedaba de corrupción, la que se había incrementado durante los gobiernos de los sultanes anteriores, y que no había sido del todo comprobada mientras su madre dictaba como regente oficial los destinos del Imperio. Esto se consiguió de muy diversas maneras, limitando por ejemplo los gastos despilfarradores. Irónicamente también prohibió el alcohol, el tabaco y el café en Estambul y todo el Imperio. Ordenó la ejecución inmediata para todo aquel que quebrantara dicha prohibición. Patrulló y recorrió por la noche las calles de Estambul así como las tabernas de la ciudad vestido con ropas comunes, vigilando en persona que su orden era cumplida. Si cuando patrullaba las calles veía a un soldado fumar o mascar tabaco o beber alcohol, mataba al soldado en el mismo lugar con su espada. Su severidad era el motivo de su apodo «cruel». Paradojas de la vida, aunque prohibió el tabaco, el café y el alcohol, él no se privaba de ninguno de ellos y fue un alcohólico durante toda su vida.

• Murad IV, es.wikipedia