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Sir '''Robert Peel'''(5. 02.1788 – 2.07. 1850) war ein konservativer britischer Politiker, der u.a. zweimal Premierminister war und während seiner Zeit als Innenminister (Home Secretary) wesentlich zur Schaffung der modernen Polizei beitrug. Noch heute heißen Polizisten in England "Bobbies" (nach "Robert/Bob"), bzw. in Irland "Peelers".
Sir '''Robert Peel''' (5. 02.1788 – 2.07.1850 nach Reitunfall) war ein konservativer britischer Politiker, der u.a. zweimal Premierminister war und während seiner Zeit als Innenminister (Home Secretary) wesentlich zur Schaffung der modernen Polizei beitrug. In England benutzt man noch heute als Spitznamen für Polizisten eine Abwandlung seines Vornamens ("Bobbies"), in Irland benutzt man eine Abwandlung seines Nachnamens ("Peelers").


Sein Vater war einer der reichsten Textilfabrikanten des frühen Industriezeitalters. Mit 21 ging er als Abgeordneter für den verkommenen irischen Wahlbezirk Cashel/Tipperary (24 Stimmen, kein Gegenkandidat) ins Unterhaus. Sein Förderer war der Chief Secretary für Irland, Sir Arthur Wellesley, der spätere Duke of Wellington. Seine erste Rede im Parlament war ein großer Erfolg - die beste Jungfernrede seit William Pitt. 1822 wurde er Innenminister und führte eine Reihe von Reformen ein: er etablierte die Metropolitan Police Force (Metropolitan Police Act 1829), reformierte das Strafrecht durch die Verminderung der mit dem Tode bedrohten Tatbestände, as Peel's Acts.[11] He reformed the gaol system, introducing payment for gaolers and education for the inmates.[12]
Sein Vater war einer der reichsten Textilfabrikanten des frühen Industriezeitalters. Mit 21 ging Robert als Abgeordneter für den verkommenen irischen Wahlbezirk Cashel/Tipperary (24 Stimmen, kein Gegenkandidat) ins Unterhaus. Sein Förderer war der Chief Secretary für Irland, Sir Arthur Wellesley, der spätere Duke of Wellington. Seine erste Rede im Parlament war ein großer Erfolg - die beste Jungfernrede seit William Pitt. 1822 wurde er Innenminister und führte eine Reihe von Reformen ein: er gründete 1829 die Metropolitan Police Force (Metropolitan Police Act; Scotland Yard), reformierte das Strafrecht durch die Verminderung der mit dem Tode bedrohten Tatbestände (Peel's Acts) und tat einiges zur Verbesserung des Gefängnissystems (gaol system; Einführung von Bezahlung für die Gefängniswärter und von Erziehung für die Insassen). Robert Peel entwickelte ethische Richtlinien für Polizeibeamte, die zugleich die Effektivität der Polizei befördern sollten, die sog. "Peelian Principles". Das wichtigste Prinzip war: "the police are the public, and the public are the police." Hier die neun Prinzipien:


He resigned as Home Secretary after the Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, became incapacitated and was replaced by George Canning.[13] Canning favoured Catholic Emancipation, while Peel had been one of its most outspoken opponents (earning the nickname "Orange Peel").[14] Canning himself died less than four months later and, after the brief premiership of Lord Goderich, Peel returned to the post of Home Secretary under the premiership of his long-time ally the Duke of Wellington.[15] During this time he was widely perceived as the number-two in the Tory Party, after Wellington himself.[16]


However, the pressure on the new ministry from advocates of Catholic Emancipation was too great and an Emancipation Bill was passed the next year.[17] Peel felt compelled to resign his seat as MP representing the graduates of Oxford University (many of whom were Anglican clergymen), as he had stood on a platform of opposition to Catholic Emancipation (in 1815 he had, in fact, challenged to a duel the man most associated with emancipation, Daniel O'Connell).[18] Peel instead moved to a rotten borough, Westbury, retaining his Cabinet position. Peel's protégé Gladstone later emulated Peel by serving as MP for Oxford University from 1847 to 1865, before himself being defeated for his willingness to disestablish the Irish Church.
#Verhinderung von Kriminalität und Unordnung als Alternative zu ihrer Unterdrückung durch militärische Gewalt und Strenge der gesetzlichen Bestrafung.
#Immer anerkennen, dass die Macht der Polizei, ihre Aufgaben und Pflichten zu erfüllen, davon abhängt, dass ihre Existenz, ihre Handlungen und ihr Verhalten von der Öffentlichkeit bestätigt werden und dass sie in der Lage sind, den Respekt der Öffentlichkeit zu wahren und aufrechtzuerhalten.
#Immer anzuerkennen, dass die Achtung und Billigung der Öffentlichkeit zu sichern und aufrechtzuerhalten ist, bedeutet auch die Sicherung der willigen Mitwirkung der Öffentlichkeit bei der Sicherstellung der Einhaltung der Gesetze.
#Immer anzuerkennen, dass das Ausmaß, in dem die Zusammenarbeit der Öffentlichkeit gesichert werden kann, proportional die Notwendigkeit des Einsatzes von physischer Gewalt und Zwang zur Erreichung der polizeilichen Ziele verringert.
#Die öffentliche Gunst zu suchen und zu wahren, nicht indem man sich an die öffentliche Meinung wendet, sondern indem man dem Gesetz in völliger Unabhängigkeit der Politik und ohne Rücksicht auf die Gerechtigkeit oder Ungerechtigkeit der Substanz der einzelnen Gesetze, durch bereitwilliges Angebot des Individuums ständig absolut unparteiischen Dienst erweist Dienst und Freundschaft zu allen Bürgern ohne Rücksicht auf ihren Reichtum oder ihre soziale Stellung, durch bereitwillige Übung von Höflichkeit und freundlichem guten Humor und durch das Bereitmachen von individuellen Opfern, um das Leben zu schützen und zu erhalten.
#Die Anwendung von Körperkraft nur dann, wenn die Ausübung von Überredung, Beratung und Abmahnung nicht ausreicht, um in einem zur Gewährleistung der Einhaltung des Gesetzes oder zur Wiederherstellung der Ordnung erforderlichen Umfang öffentliche Zusammenarbeit zu erreichen und nur das Mindestmaß an körperlicher Gewalt anzuwenden ist in jedem Fall notwendig, um ein polizeiliches Ziel zu erreichen.
#Zu jeder Zeit eine Beziehung mit der Öffentlichkeit aufrecht zu erhalten, die der historischen Tradition die Realität vergegenwärtigt, dass die Polizei die Öffentlichkeit ist und dass die Öffentlichkeit die Polizei ist, wobei die Polizei nur der Öffentlichkeit angehört, die dafür bezahlt wird, ihre Pflichten ganztägig zu beachten die jedem Bürger im Interesse des Gemeinwohls und der Existenz obliegen.
#Immer die Notwendigkeit der strikten Einhaltung der polizeilich-exekutiven Funktionen anzuerkennen und zu unterlassen, die Befugnisse der Justiz, der Rache von Individuen oder des Staates zu missbrauchen und die Schuldigen autoritär zu beurteilen und zu bestrafen.
#Immer anzuerkennen, dass der Test der polizeilichen Effizienz die Abwesenheit von Verbrechen und Unordnung ist, und nicht die sichtbaren Beweise der Polizeiaktion im Umgang mit ihnen.


Police reform
Sir Robert Peel 's Principles of Law Enforcement 1829
1. The basic mission for which police exist is to prevent crime and disorder as an
alternative to the repression of crime and disorder by military force and severity of
legal punishment.


2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of
police existence, actions, behavior and the ability of the police to secure and maintain
public respect.


Sir Robert Peel
3. The police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance
It was in 1829 that Peel established the Metropolitan Police Force for London based at Scotland Yard. The 1,000 constables employed were affectionately nicknamed 'Bobbies' or, somewhat less affectionately, 'Peelers' (both terms are still used today). Although unpopular at first they proved very successful in cutting crime in London,[19] and by 1857 all cities in the UK were obliged to form their own police forces.[20] Known as the father of modern policing, Robert Peel developed the Peelian Principles which defined the ethical requirements police officers must follow in order to be effective. His most memorable principle was, "the police are the public, and the public are the police."
of the law to be able to secure and maintain public respect.


Whigs in power (1830-1834)
4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes,
proportionately, to the necessity for the use of physical force and compulsion in
achieving police objectives.


5. The police seek and preserve public favor, not by catering to public opinion, but by
constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to the law, in complete
independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance
of individual laws; by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all
members of society without regard to their race or social standing, by ready exercise
of courtesy and friendly good humor; and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in
protecting and preserving life.


Lord Grey
6. The police should use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of
Prime Minister 1830-34
the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning
The Middle and Working Classes in England at that time, however, were clamoring for reform, and Catholic Emancipation was only one of the ideas in the air.[21] The Tory ministry refused to bend on other issues and were swept out of office in 1830 in favour of the Whigs.[22] The following few years were extremely turbulent, but eventually enough reforms were passed that King William IV felt confident enough to invite the Tories to form a ministry again in succession to those of Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne in 1834.[23] Peel was selected as Prime Minister but was in Italy at the time, so Wellington acted as a caretaker for the three weeks until Peel's return.[24]
is found to be insufficient to achieve police objectives; and police should use only the
minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular occasion for
achieving a police objective.


First term as Prime Minister (1834-1835)
7. The police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public that gives
reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the
police; the police are the only members of the public who are paid to give full-time
attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the intent of the
community welfare.


Main article: First Peel Ministry
8. The police should always direct their actions toward their functions and never appear
This new Tory Ministry was a minority government, however, and depended on Whig goodwill for its continued existence. As his statement of policy at the general election of January 1835, Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto.[25] The issuing of this document is often seen as one of the most crucial points at which the Tories became the Conservative Party.[26] In it he pledged that the Conservatives would endorse modest reform, but the Whigs instead formed a compact with Daniel O'Connell's Irish Radical members to repeatedly defeat the government on various bills.[27] Eventually Peel's ministry resigned out of frustration and the Whigs under Lord Melbourne returned to power.[28] The only real achievements of Peel's first administration was a commission to review the governance of the Church of England. This ecclesiastical commission being the forerunner of the Church Commissioners.[29] A further achievement was a rapid gain in seats in the House of Commons which was around 100 seats in the 100 days Peel's Ministry lasted.[30]
to usurp the powers of the judiciary by avenging individuals or the state, or
authoritatively judging guilt or punishing the guilty.


Leader of the Opposition (1835-1841)
9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible
evidence of police action in dealing with them.


In May 1839, he was offered another chance to form a government, this time by the new monarch, Queen Victoria.[31] However, this too would have been a minority government and Peel felt he needed a further sign of confidence from his Queen. Lord Melbourne had been Victoria's confidant for several years, and many of the higher posts in Victoria's household were held by the wives and female relatives of Whigs;[32] there was some feeling that Victoria had allowed herself to be too closely associated with the Whig party. Peel therefore asked that some of this coterie be dismissed and replaced with their Conservative counterparts, provoking the so-called Bedchamber Crisis.[33] Victoria refused to change her household, and despite pleadings from the Duke of Wellington, relied on assurances of support from Whig leaders. Peel refused to form a government, and the Whigs returned to power.[34]
== Weblinks und Literatur ==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_principles#Nine_principles_of_policing Peelian principles, in: wikipedia]


Second term as Prime Minister (1841-1846)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel Robert Peel in: wikipedia]
 
Main article: Second Peel Ministry
Economic and Financial Reforms
 
Peel came to office during an economic recession which had seen a slump in world trade and a budget deficit of £2.5 million run up by the whigs in an attempt to solve it. Confidence in Banks and Businesses was low and a trade deficit existed.
 
To raise revenue Peel's 1842 budget saw the re-introduction of Income Tax,[35] removed previously at the end of the Napoleonic War. The money raised was more than expected and allowed for the removal and reduction of over 1,200 tariffs including the controversial sugar duties.[36] It was also in the 1842 budget that the repeal of the corn laws was first proposed.[37] It was defeated 4:1.
 
Factory Act
 
Peel finally had a chance to head a majority government following the election of July 1841.[38] His promise of modest reform was held to, and the second most famous bill of this ministry, while "reforming" in 21st century eyes, was in fact aimed at the reformers themselves, with their constituency among the new industrial rich. The Factory Act 1844 acted more against these industrialists than it did against the traditional stronghold of the Conservatives, the landed gentry, by restricting the number of hours that children and women could work in a factory, and setting rudimentary safety standards for machinery.[39] Interestingly, this was a continuation of his own father's work as an MP, as the elder Robert Peel was most noted for reform of working conditions during the first part of the 19th century. Helping him was Lord Shaftesbury, a British MP who also established the coal mines act. In 1843 Peel was the target of a failed assassination attempt; a criminally-insane Scottish woodsman named Daniel M'Naghten stalked him for several days before accidentally killing Peel's personal secretary Edward Drummond instead.[40]
 
Corn Laws and after
 
 
Lord Russell
Prime Minister 1834-1835, 1841-1846
The most notable act of Peel's second ministry, however, was the one that would bring it down.[41] This time Peel moved against the landholders by repealing the Corn Laws, which supported agricultural revenues by restricting grain imports.[42] This radical break with Conservative protectionism was triggered by the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849).[43] Tory agriculturalists were sceptical of the extent of the problem,[44] and Peel reacted slowly to the famine. As realisation dawned, however, he hoped that ending the Corn Laws would free up more food for the Irish.
 
His own party failed to support the bill, but it passed with Whig and Radical support. On the third reading of Peel's Bill of Repeal (Importation Act 1846) on 15 May, MPs voted 327 votes to 229 (a majority of 98) to repeal the Corn Laws. On 25 June the Duke of Wellington persuaded the House of Lords to pass it. On that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated in the Commons by 292 to 219 by "a combination of Whigs, Radicals, and Tory protectionists".[45] Following this, on 29 June 1846, Peel resigned as Prime Minister. [46]
 
Though he knew repealing the laws would mean the end of his ministry, Peel decided to do so.[47] It is possible that Peel merely used the Irish Famine as an excuse to repeal the Corn Laws as he had been an intellectual convert to free trade since the 1820s. Blake points out that if Peel were convinced that total repeal was necessary to stave off the famine, he would have enacted a bill that brought about immediate temporary repeal, not permanent repeal over a three-year period of gradual tapering-off of duties.
 
The historian Boyd Hilton argues Peel knew from 1844 he was going to be deposed as Conservative leader—many of his MPs had taken to voting against him and the rupture within the party between liberals and paternalist which had been so damaging in the 1820s, but masked by the issue of reform in the 1830s was brought to the surface over the Corn Laws. Hilton's hypothesis is that Peel wished to actually be deposed on a liberal issue so that he might later lead a Peelite/Whig/Liberal alliance.
 
As an aside in reference to the Repeal of the Corn Laws, Peel did make some moves to subsidise the purchase of food for the Irish, but this attempt was small and had little tangible effect. In the age of laissez-faire,[48] government taxes were small, and subsidies or direct economic interference were almost non-existent. That subsidies were actually given was very much out of character for the political times; Peel's successor, Lord John Russell, received more criticism than Peel on Irish policy. The repeal of the Corn Laws was more political than humanitarian.[49] Peel's support for free trade could already be seen in his 1842 and 1845 budgets;[50] in late 1842 Graham wrote to Peel that "the next change in the Corn Laws must be to an open trade" while arguing that the government should not tackle the issue.[51] Speaking to the cabinet in 1844, Peel argued that the choice was maintenance of the 1842 Corn Law or total repeal.[52] Despite all of Peel's efforts, his reform programs had little effect on the situation in Ireland.[53]
 
Later career and death
 
He did retain a hard core of supporters however, known as Peelites,[54] and at one point in 1849 was actively courted by the Whig/Radical coalition. He continued to stand on his conservative principles, however, and refused. Nevertheless, he was influential on several important issues, including the furtherance of British free trade with the repeal of the Navigation Acts.[55] Peel was a member of the committee which controlled the House of Commons Library, and on 16 April 1850 was responsible for passing the motion that controlled its scope and collection policy for the rest of the century.
 
Peel was thrown from his horse while riding up Constitution Hill in London on 29 June 1850, the horse stumbled on top of him and he died three days later on 2 July at the age of 62.[56] His Peelite followers, led by Lord Aberdeen and William Gladstone, went on to fuse with the Whigs as the Liberal Party.[57]
 
Family
 
Peel married Julia, youngest daughter of General Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet, in 1820.[58] They had five sons and two daughters. Four of his sons gained distinction in their own right. His eldest son Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet, served as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1861 to 1865. His second son Sir Frederick Peel was a politician and railway commissioner. His third son Sir William Peel was a naval commander and recipient of the Victoria Cross. His fifth son Arthur Wellesley Peel was Speaker of the House of Commons and created Viscount Peel in 1895. His daughter Julia married the 6th Earl of Jersey. Julia, Lady Peel, died in 1859.
 
Memorials
 
Statues
 
Statues of Sir Robert Peel are found in the following UK locations.
 
Parliament Square, London
Outside the Robert Peel public house in Bury town centre, his birthplace.[59]
Winckley Square in Preston city centre.
West Midlands Police Training Centre, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester.
Montrose town centre.
Woodhouse Moor, Leeds.
Tamworth town centre.
George Square, Glasgow.
Peel Park, Bradford
Peel Centre, Hendon Police College, Hendon. In front of the Peel Centre over looking Peel Drive
 
Statue in Parliament Square, London
 
 
Statue in Woodhouse Moor, Leeds
 
Public Houses / Hotels
 
The following Public Houses, bars or hotels are named after Peel.[60]
 
UK
 
Robert Peel public house [1] in Bury town centre, his birthplace
Sir Robert Peel public house Heckmondwike, West Yorkshire
Sir Robert Peel public house [2], Leicester
Sir Robert Peel public house, Malden Road, London NW5
Sir Robert Peel public house, Peel Precinct, Kilburn, London NW6
Sir Robert Peel public house, London SE17
Sir Robert Peel Hotel, Preston
Sir Robert Peel public house Rowley Regis
Sir Robert Peel public house, Southsea
Sir Robert Peel public house [3], Stoke-on-Trent
Sir Robert Peel public house Kingston upon Thames, Surrey
Peel Hotel [4], Tamworth
Sir Robert Peel public house [5], Bloxwich, Walsall
Elsewhere
 
Sir Robert Peel Hotel ("The Peel" [6]) on Peel Street in Collingwood, Victoria Melbourne Australia
Sir Robert Peel Motor Lodge Hotel, Alexandria Bay, New York
Other Memorials
 
Peel Park, Bradford is named after Sir Robert Peel. It is one of the largest parks in the city, and indeed Yorkshire.
Peel Tower Monument, this tower was built on top of Holcombe Hill in Ramsbottom, Bury.
The Sir Robert Peel Hospital in Tamworth.
A small monument in the center of the town of Dronfield Derbyshire. Nearby is the Peel Centre, a community centre in a former Methodist church.[61]
The Regional Municipality of Peel (originally Peel County) in Ontario, Canada.
Peel Street in Collingwood, Victoria Melbourne Australia.
Peel Street, Montreal and its Peel Metro station. The street also features a high-rise residential building called Sir Robert Peel.
The Peel River in Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia.
Peel High School in Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia.
A British steamer named SS Sir Robert Peel, based in Canada, was burned by American forces on 29 May 1838, at the height of American-Canadian tensions over the Caroline Affair.
Tamworth-raised musician Julian Cope sings "the king and queen have offered me the estate of Robert Peel" on the song 'O King of Chaos', from his 1984 LP Fried.
The right wing of the Trafford Centre is called Peel Avenue, named after Robert Peel.
The official mascot of Bury Football Club is Robbie the Bobby, in honour of Sir Robert Peel.
See also
 
M'Naghten's Case
List of Acts of Parliament during the First Peel Ministry
List of Acts of Parliament during the Second Peel Ministry
Peelian Principles
Notes
 
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 2-11.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 11-12.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 1; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 13; 376.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 18.
^ Gash, Mr. Secretary Peel, 59-61; 68-69.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 6-12; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 18-65; 376.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 12; 18; 35.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 490; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 4; 119.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 3; 9; 13; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 66; 68; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 65.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 2; Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 3; 44; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 103.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 68-71; 122; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 104.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 70-71.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 4; 96-97; Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 26-28.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 21-48; 91-100.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 28-30; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 103-104; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 18.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 104.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 37-39; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 114-121.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 35-40; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 46-47; 110; 376.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 88-89.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 87-90.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 123-140.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 45-50; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 136-141.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 51-62; 64-90; 129-143; 146-177; 193-201; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 179; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 66.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 196-197; 199; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 66-67.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 210-215; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 184; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 12; 69-72.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 213-215; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 180-182; Read Peel and the Victorians, 68; 86.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 227; 229-235; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 185-187; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 71-73.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 250-254; 257-261; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 188-192; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 74-76.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 224-226.
^ Read, Peel and the Victorians, 74.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 417-418; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 206.
^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 416-417; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 206-207.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 207-208; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 89.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 23; Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841, 419-426; 448; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 208-209; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 89-91.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 35-36; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 227; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 112.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 37; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 235; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 113-114.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 35-36; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 112-113.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 24.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 40-42; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 302-305; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 125; 129.
^ Read, Peel and the Victorians, 121-122.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 113-115.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, vi.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 66; Ramsay; Sir Robert Peel, 332-333.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 72.
^ Schonhardt-Bailey, p. 239.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 68-69; 70; 72; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 347; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 230-231.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 67-68; 69.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 70.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 69-71.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 35-37; 59.
^ Quoted in Gash, Sir Robert Peel, 362.
^ Gash, Sir Robert Peel, 429.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 48-49.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 78-80; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 353-355.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 78; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 377; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 257.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 80; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 361-363; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 1; 266-270.
^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850, 86-87; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 364.
^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 61.
^ Sir Robert Peel Statue Bury
^ The UK-based Peel Hotels group are named after their founders Robert and Charles Peel, not Sir Robert Peel
^ The Peel Centre with image of the monument
References
 
Adelman, Paul (1989). Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830-1850. London and New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-35557-5.
Clark, George Kitson (1964). Peel and the Conservative Party: A Study in Party Politics 1832-1841. 2nd ed. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, The Shoe String Press, Inc.
Cooke Taylor, William (1851). Life and times of Sir Robert Peel. London: Peter Jackson.
Gash, Norman (1961). Mr. Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830. New York: Longmans.
Gash, Norman (1972). Sir Robert Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-87471-132-0.
Ramsay, Anna Augustus Whittall (1928, 1969). Sir Robert Peel. Freeport, New York: Books for Library Press.
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
Leigh Rayment's Baronetage Page
Read, Donald (1987). Peel and the Victorians. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, New York: Basil Blackwell, Inc. ISBN 0-631-15725-5.
Stephen, Sir Leslie and Sir Sidney Lee (editors). The Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to 1900. Volume XV Owens-Pockrich. Oxford University Press.
External links
 
Works by & about Robert Peel 1788-1850 at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
"Peel the empiricist": a review by Ferdinand Mount of Douglas Hurd's Peel biography in the TLS, 22/08/07
More about Sir Robert Peel on the Downing Street website.
Biography of Sir Robert Peel at www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
Biography of Sir Robert Peel at www.victorianweb.org
An overview of the career of Sir Robert Peel at www.victorianweb.org
The Peel Family Sir Robert Peel and his descendents
The Peel Web For A-level History students
Sir Robert Peel, a memorial biography by H. Morse Stephens
Offices held
 
Political offices
Preceded by
William Wellesley-Pole Chief Secretary for Ireland
1812 – 1818 Succeeded by
Charles Grant
Preceded by
The Viscount Sidmouth Home Secretary
1822 – 1827 Succeeded by
William Sturges-Bourne
Preceded by
The Marquess of Lansdowne Home Secretary
1828 – 1830 Succeeded by
The Viscount Melbourne
Preceded by
William Huskisson Leader of the House of Commons
1828 – 1830 Succeeded by
The Viscount Althorp
Preceded by
The Duke of Wellington
(caretaker, preceded by)
The Viscount Melbourne Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
10 December 1834 – 8 April 1835 Succeeded by
The Viscount Melbourne
Preceded by
The Lord Denman Chancellor of the Exchequer
1834 – 1835 Succeeded by
Thomas Spring Rice
Preceded by
Lord John Russell Leader of the House of Commons
1834 – 1835 Succeeded by
Lord John Russell
Preceded by
The Viscount Melbourne Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
30 August 1841 – 29 June 1846
Preceded by
Lord John Russell Leader of the House of Commons
1841 – 1846
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Quintin Dick Member of Parliament for Cashel
1809 – 1812 Succeeded by
Sir Charles Saxton, Bt
Preceded by
John Maitland
James Dawkins Member of Parliament for Chippenham
1812 – 1817
With: Charles Brooke Succeeded by
Charles Brooke
John Maitland
Preceded by
William Scott
Charles Abbot Member of Parliament for Oxford University
1817 – 1829
With: William Scott 1817–1821
Richard Heber 1821–1826
Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt 1826–1829 Succeeded by
Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt
Sir Robert Inglis
Preceded by
Sir Manasseh Masseh Lopes
Sir George Warrender Member of Parliament for Westbury
1829 – 1830
With: Sir George Warrender Succeeded by
Sir Alexander Grant
Michael George Prendergast
Preceded by
William Yates Peel
Lord Charles Townshend Member of Parliament for Tamworth
1830 – 1850
With: Lord Charles Townshend 1830–1835
William Yates Peel 1835–1837, 1847
Edward Henry A'Court 1837–1847
John Townshend 1847–1850 Succeeded by
John Townshend
Sir Robert Peel
Party political offices
Preceded by
The Duke of Wellington Leader of the British Conservative Party
1834 – 1846 Succeeded by
The Lord Stanley
First
None recognized before
Conservative Leader in the Commons
1834 – 1846 Succeeded by
The Lord George Bentinck
Academic offices
Preceded by
The Lord Stanley Rector of the University of Glasgow
1836 – 1838 Succeeded by
Sir James Graham
Baronetage of Great Britain
Preceded by
Robert Peel Baronet
(of Drayton Manor)
1830 – 1850 Succeeded by
Robert Peel
 
 
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"
Categories: Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom | Secretaries of State for the Home Department | Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom | Leaders of the British Conservative Party | Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom | Tory MPs (pre 1834) | Conservative MPs (UK) | Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies | Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Irish constituencies (1801-1922) | Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for University constituencies | Metropolitan Police | UK MPs 1807-1812 | UK MPs 1812-1818 | UK MPs 1818-1820 | UK MPs 1820-1826 | UK MPs 1826-1830 | UK MPs 1830-1831 | UK MPs 1831-1832 | UK MPs 1832-1835 | UK MPs 1835-1837 | UK MPs 1837-1841 | UK MPs 1841-1847 | UK MPs 1847-1852 | Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford | Old Harrovians | Old Clavians | People from Ramsbottom | Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain | 1788 births | 1850 deaths | Deaths by horse-riding accident | Rectors of the University of Glasgow | Accidental human deaths in England
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Aktuelle Version vom 27. Juli 2020, 13:54 Uhr

Sir Robert Peel (5. 02.1788 – 2.07.1850 nach Reitunfall) war ein konservativer britischer Politiker, der u.a. zweimal Premierminister war und während seiner Zeit als Innenminister (Home Secretary) wesentlich zur Schaffung der modernen Polizei beitrug. In England benutzt man noch heute als Spitznamen für Polizisten eine Abwandlung seines Vornamens ("Bobbies"), in Irland benutzt man eine Abwandlung seines Nachnamens ("Peelers").

Sein Vater war einer der reichsten Textilfabrikanten des frühen Industriezeitalters. Mit 21 ging Robert als Abgeordneter für den verkommenen irischen Wahlbezirk Cashel/Tipperary (24 Stimmen, kein Gegenkandidat) ins Unterhaus. Sein Förderer war der Chief Secretary für Irland, Sir Arthur Wellesley, der spätere Duke of Wellington. Seine erste Rede im Parlament war ein großer Erfolg - die beste Jungfernrede seit William Pitt. 1822 wurde er Innenminister und führte eine Reihe von Reformen ein: er gründete 1829 die Metropolitan Police Force (Metropolitan Police Act; Scotland Yard), reformierte das Strafrecht durch die Verminderung der mit dem Tode bedrohten Tatbestände (Peel's Acts) und tat einiges zur Verbesserung des Gefängnissystems (gaol system; Einführung von Bezahlung für die Gefängniswärter und von Erziehung für die Insassen). Robert Peel entwickelte ethische Richtlinien für Polizeibeamte, die zugleich die Effektivität der Polizei befördern sollten, die sog. "Peelian Principles". Das wichtigste Prinzip war: "the police are the public, and the public are the police." Hier die neun Prinzipien:


  1. Verhinderung von Kriminalität und Unordnung als Alternative zu ihrer Unterdrückung durch militärische Gewalt und Strenge der gesetzlichen Bestrafung.
  2. Immer anerkennen, dass die Macht der Polizei, ihre Aufgaben und Pflichten zu erfüllen, davon abhängt, dass ihre Existenz, ihre Handlungen und ihr Verhalten von der Öffentlichkeit bestätigt werden und dass sie in der Lage sind, den Respekt der Öffentlichkeit zu wahren und aufrechtzuerhalten.
  3. Immer anzuerkennen, dass die Achtung und Billigung der Öffentlichkeit zu sichern und aufrechtzuerhalten ist, bedeutet auch die Sicherung der willigen Mitwirkung der Öffentlichkeit bei der Sicherstellung der Einhaltung der Gesetze.
  4. Immer anzuerkennen, dass das Ausmaß, in dem die Zusammenarbeit der Öffentlichkeit gesichert werden kann, proportional die Notwendigkeit des Einsatzes von physischer Gewalt und Zwang zur Erreichung der polizeilichen Ziele verringert.
  5. Die öffentliche Gunst zu suchen und zu wahren, nicht indem man sich an die öffentliche Meinung wendet, sondern indem man dem Gesetz in völliger Unabhängigkeit der Politik und ohne Rücksicht auf die Gerechtigkeit oder Ungerechtigkeit der Substanz der einzelnen Gesetze, durch bereitwilliges Angebot des Individuums ständig absolut unparteiischen Dienst erweist Dienst und Freundschaft zu allen Bürgern ohne Rücksicht auf ihren Reichtum oder ihre soziale Stellung, durch bereitwillige Übung von Höflichkeit und freundlichem guten Humor und durch das Bereitmachen von individuellen Opfern, um das Leben zu schützen und zu erhalten.
  6. Die Anwendung von Körperkraft nur dann, wenn die Ausübung von Überredung, Beratung und Abmahnung nicht ausreicht, um in einem zur Gewährleistung der Einhaltung des Gesetzes oder zur Wiederherstellung der Ordnung erforderlichen Umfang öffentliche Zusammenarbeit zu erreichen und nur das Mindestmaß an körperlicher Gewalt anzuwenden ist in jedem Fall notwendig, um ein polizeiliches Ziel zu erreichen.
  7. Zu jeder Zeit eine Beziehung mit der Öffentlichkeit aufrecht zu erhalten, die der historischen Tradition die Realität vergegenwärtigt, dass die Polizei die Öffentlichkeit ist und dass die Öffentlichkeit die Polizei ist, wobei die Polizei nur der Öffentlichkeit angehört, die dafür bezahlt wird, ihre Pflichten ganztägig zu beachten die jedem Bürger im Interesse des Gemeinwohls und der Existenz obliegen.
  8. Immer die Notwendigkeit der strikten Einhaltung der polizeilich-exekutiven Funktionen anzuerkennen und zu unterlassen, die Befugnisse der Justiz, der Rache von Individuen oder des Staates zu missbrauchen und die Schuldigen autoritär zu beurteilen und zu bestrafen.
  9. Immer anzuerkennen, dass der Test der polizeilichen Effizienz die Abwesenheit von Verbrechen und Unordnung ist, und nicht die sichtbaren Beweise der Polizeiaktion im Umgang mit ihnen.

Sir Robert Peel 's Principles of Law Enforcement 1829 1. The basic mission for which police exist is to prevent crime and disorder as an alternative to the repression of crime and disorder by military force and severity of legal punishment.

2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police existence, actions, behavior and the ability of the police to secure and maintain public respect.

3. The police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain public respect.

4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes, proportionately, to the necessity for the use of physical force and compulsion in achieving police objectives.

5. The police seek and preserve public favor, not by catering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to the law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws; by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all members of society without regard to their race or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humor; and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life.

6. The police should use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient to achieve police objectives; and police should use only the minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police objective.

7. The police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police are the only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the intent of the community welfare.

8. The police should always direct their actions toward their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary by avenging individuals or the state, or authoritatively judging guilt or punishing the guilty.

9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them.

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