Rückgang des Zigarettenkonsums: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
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*[http://tobaccofreeca.com/health/2016-california-tobacco-facts-figures/ Smoking prevalence in California has steadily declined since the comprehensive tobacco control program began in 1989. Adult smoking prevalence in California declined by 51.1% between 1988 and 2014, from 23.7% to 11.6% (Figure 1.1); this drop represents approximately 3.3 million fewer adult smokers in California. The decline in prevalence was most pronounced during the early years of California Tobacco Control Program. California has the second lowest adult smoking prevalence rate in the United States, second only to Utah.] | |||
*1954-2013-2015: von 45% auf 18% auf 15%. | *1954-2013-2015: von 45% auf 18% auf 15%. | ||
Version vom 28. Juli 2018, 13:13 Uhr
Deutschland
- 2012 rauchten hierzulande 3,9 Millionen Menschen weniger als noch 1980. Die Bundesrepublik zählt damit zu den Top 10 der Länder, in denen die Zahl der Raucher am stärksten abgenommen hat. Nach Angaben des Deutschen Krebsforschungszentrums (DKFZ) würden seit zehn Jahren auch weniger Zigaretten konsumiert. Wurden 2002 noch insgesamt 145 Milliarden Zigaretten in Deutschland geraucht, waren es 2012 nur noch 82 Milliarden.
- Das sei vor allem auf die Erhöhung der Tabaksteuer sowie auf den Erlass der Nichtraucherschutzgesetze im Jahr 2007 zurückzuführen, sagt Martina Pötschke-Langer vom DKFZ. "Diese Gesetze und die Debatten darum haben dazu geführt, dass die soziale Akzeptanz des Rauchens extrem zurückgegangen ist." Für die Zukunft sei die Einführung eines umfassenden Werbeverbots eine weitere zentrale Maßnahme im Nichtraucherschutz. Sie ist überzeugt: Der für 2015 erwartete Aufdruck von Schockbildern auf den Zigarettenpackungen werde zu einem weiteren Rückgang der Raucherzahlen in der Bevölkerung führen. In England zeigen die Bilder etwa teerschwarze Lungen, verfaulte Zähne und abgestorbene Zehen.
Spanien
- Spain has achieved progress in reducing tobacco consumption over the past decade, with rates of daily smokers among adults coming down from 32% in 2001 to 24% in 2011. However, smoking rates in Spain still remain higher than the OECD average of 20.7%.
Sweden, Iceland, the United States and Australia
- provide examples of countries that have achieved greater progress in reducing tobacco consumption, with current smoking rates among adults below 15%
USA
- 1954-2013-2015: von 45% auf 18% auf 15%.
- Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8% of adults. As of 2013, the rate of American smokers is 17.8% according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Self-reported adult smoking peaked in 1954 at 45%, and remained at 40% or more through the early 1970s, but has since gradually declined. The average rate of smoking across the decades fell from 40% in the 1970s to 32% in the 1980s, 26% in the 1990s, and 24% since 2000.
- This analysis complemented earlier work that has documented decreasing intensity of cigarette use among young people, for example the finding by Jones et al. (2011) that among current cigarette smokers, the frequency of light smoking (< 1–5 cigarettes per day) had increased significantly from 1991–2009, while for heavy smoking (> 11 cigarettes per day) the frequency had more than halved.
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 10, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- A national anti-smoking campaign featuring tips from former smokers was highly successful and cost-effective, a new study reports.
The 2012 Tips From Former Smokers campaign spent $480 per smoker who quit and $393 per year of life saved, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found.
"Our mission is to protect the public health, and the 2012 Tips ads did this by motivating 1.6 million smokers to make a quit attempt," study co-author Dr. Tim McAfee, director of the CDC's Office on Smoking and Health, said in an agency news release. "In addition, our responsibility is to spend public dollars as wisely and efficiently as possible."
A widely accepted limit for the cost-effectiveness of a public health program is $50,000 per year of life saved, according to the agency.
The CDC noted that the cost-effectiveness of anti-smoking campaigns can include expenses related to medications, counseling and other treatments to help people quit smoking. Even when those expenses are added to the cost of the Tips campaign, the total is still 15 times less than the $50,000 cost-effectiveness threshold, the CDC said.
The findings were published Dec. 10 in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.
"There is no question the Tips campaign is a 'best buy' for public health -- it saves lives and saves money," CDC Director Dr. Tom Frieden said in the news release.
"Smoking-related disease costs this nation more than $289 billion a year. The Tips campaign is one of the most cost-effective of all health interventions. This study shows how much the Tips campaign accomplished by being on the air for just 12 weeks. We would expect the benefits to be even greater if Tips was on the air all year," Frieden added.
The $48 million effort was the first federally funded national mass media anti-smoking campaign and led to about 100,000 smokers quitting permanently, according to the study authors.
The study also noted the campaign will save about 179,000 healthy life-years at a cost of $268 per year of healthy life gained. The campaign will also help prevent about 17,000 premature deaths. The cost will be about $2,200 per premature death averted, the study found.
"This is further proof the Tips campaign is a smart, effective and efficient use of taxpayer dollars," McAfee said.
Smoking is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the United States, killing almost half a million Americans every year, the CDC reported. And, most smokers -- 70 percent -- want to quit, the study authors noted in the news release.
Cigarette smoking costs about $170 billion a year in U.S. health care expenses, other new research from the CDC has found. Almost two-thirds of those expenses are paid through public programs such as Medicare or Medicaid, the agency said.
- 1997: 25%; 2012: 18% (California: 12%)
- Eighteen percent of American adults were cigarette smokers in 2012, according to a report released last week by the National Center for Health Statistics, down from 18.9 percent the previous year. From 2009 to 2012, the rate dropped to 18 percent from 20.6 percent, the first statistically significant change over multiple years since the period spanning 1997 to 2005, when the rate fell to 20.9 percent from 24.7 percent.
- two public policies have had significant effects on smoking cessation: increasing the price of cigarettes and creating smoke-free workplaces. “They reduce the number of cigarettes that people are smoking, usually between three and five cigarettes less per day for heavier smokers,” he says, and “increase the chances of a smoker stopping smoking.” Since children can’t as easily afford cigarettes and don’t see smoking as the norm when it is banned in so many public places, these policies also “decrease the chances of your child or grandchild ever starting to smoke,” he says.
- “People smoking less is a really important part of the story,” says Dr. Glantz. “The overall pattern we’re seeing, both nationally and in places like California,” where the prevalence of smoking is now down to 12 percent, “is as smoking goes down, the remaining smokers are becoming lighter smokers, intermittent smokers, or not even smoking every day. And as you smoke less and less, it becomes easier to quit.”
- importance of smoking bans. “When you create smoke-free workplaces, bars, casinos and restaurants, it sends a strong message that smoking is out,” he says. “It also creates environments that make it easier for people to quit smoking.”