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== The Act of Killing: Hot and Cold ==
== The Act of Killing: Hot and Cold ==
Killing can be done with different degrees of emotional involvement and arousal. It can be the result of a person's emotional obsession, be it jealousy or hate or a sexual fantasy like in the case of serial killers like Peter Madsen (Denmark). We may call those the hot killings. It can also be performed as any other work at an assembly line (work in a chicken-, pig- or cattle-slaughterhouse). It can also be seen as an unwelcome duty one has to perform with obedience, diligence, and self-discipline. In both cases, and in different degrees, we could speak of cold killings. Individual acts of killing tend towards the hot pole of an imagined continuum, while large-scale killings (because of their organizational requirements) tend to be located at the other end of it.
A movie depicting the senseless, violent murder of an individual, and comparing it with the cold, calcuated execution by the state, is Krzysztof Kieślowski's "A short film about killing" (1988). À propos execution. Victor Hugo's very short novel (1829) about "The Last Day of a Condemned Man" (Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné) recounting the thoughts of a man before his execution, makes a good read.
A phenomenological analysis of hot homicides can be found in Jack Katz's "Righteous Slaughter" chapter of his book on Seductions of Crime (1988).
Large-scale killings need organization and obedience. Obedience requires discipline, routine, and control of individual emotions that can obstruct the chain of command. To this end, masses of individuals must be trained to accept the authority of those in command. This cannot be achieved by reliance on threats of sanctions alone, it needs the readiness of individuals to accept the justification given for the required acts of killing. It is not necessary that there be a universally accepted legitimation. All that is necessary and sufficient is that the relevant group creates a (parochial) belief system in which the required acts of killing are being justified. Such parochial justifications usually draw upon universal topics such as legitimate self-defense and states of emergency etc. - to the extent that they are effective in creating a supportive in-group belief system, such justifications help overcome natural killing inhibitions (especially with regard to helpless victims), increase killing efficiency, and prevent  those who carry out large-scale killings under orders from developing post-traumatic stress disorders.
Large-scale killings need organization and obedience. Obedience requires discipline, routine, and control of individual emotions that can obstruct the chain of command. To this end, masses of individuals must be trained to accept the authority of those in command. This cannot be achieved by reliance on threats of sanctions alone, it needs the readiness of individuals to accept the justification given for the required acts of killing. It is not necessary that there be a universally accepted legitimation. All that is necessary and sufficient is that the relevant group creates a (parochial) belief system in which the required acts of killing are being justified. Such parochial justifications usually draw upon universal topics such as legitimate self-defense and states of emergency etc. - to the extent that they are effective in creating a supportive in-group belief system, such justifications help overcome natural killing inhibitions (especially with regard to helpless victims), increase killing efficiency, and prevent  those who carry out large-scale killings under orders from developing post-traumatic stress disorders.


*Krzysztof Kieślowski's "A short film about killing" (1988) compares the senseless, violent murder of an individual to the cold, calculated execution by the state.
*Dave Grossman's book (2009) "On killing: The psychological costs of learning to kill in war and society" speaks about the preconditions for becoming an effective shooter in times of war.
*Victor Hugo's novel (1829) about "The Last Day of a Condemned Man" (Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné) recounting the thoughts of a man before his execution and indirectly argues for the abolition of the death penalty.
 
*Dave Grossman's book (2009) "On killing: The psychological costs of learning to kill in war and society" speaks about the preconditions for becoming an effective shooter in times of war
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do1_68LrpbU Joshua Oppenheimer's (2012) documentary about The Act of Killing (full movie about Indonesian massacres of 1965 on YouTube)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Kii5OL4p-0&t=7s The Act of Killing, scene: "Anwar on Roof" (YouTube)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen_speeches Heinrich Himmler's Posen speech Oct 4, 1943, about the work of killing in the "extermination of the Jewish people"]:  
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen_speeches Heinrich Himmler's Posen speech Oct 4, 1943, about the work of killing in the "extermination of the Jewish people"]:  


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:I am now referring to the evacuation of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish people. It's one of those things that is easily said: 'The Jewish people are being exterminated', says every party member, 'this is very obvious, it's in our program, elimination of the Jews, extermination, we're doing it, hah, a small matter.' And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person — with exceptions due to human weaknesses — has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and 17 [...] (Himmler then praises the mindset of the SS man, devoting approximately 30 of the 116 pages to their virtues as well as their duty of becoming Europe's ruling class in 20 to 30 years.)
:I am now referring to the evacuation of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish people. It's one of those things that is easily said: 'The Jewish people are being exterminated', says every party member, 'this is very obvious, it's in our program, elimination of the Jews, extermination, we're doing it, hah, a small matter.' And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person — with exceptions due to human weaknesses — has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and 17 [...] (Himmler then praises the mindset of the SS man, devoting approximately 30 of the 116 pages to their virtues as well as their duty of becoming Europe's ruling class in 20 to 30 years.)
Mass killing in good conscience was also documented by Joshua Oppenheimer in his 2012 documentary about the Indonesian Massacres of 1965. See: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do1_68LrpbU The Act of Killing] or just the scene [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Kii5OL4p-0&t=7s "Anwar on Roof"]


== Homicide as a cause of death ==
== Homicide as a cause of death ==
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'''2. The relevance of homicide'''
'''2. The relevance of homicide'''
500,000 homicides might seem little compared with more than 7 billion inhabitants of the earth. But 500,000 are 500,000. That is quite a bit more than all of the world's inhabitants in the middle of the 14th century. In 1350, there lived an estimated 370 million people on earth. Not more, all together. 500,000 homicides is more than all the people that lived on earth some 700 years ago.
500,000 homicides might seem little compared with more than 7 billion inhabitants of the earth. But 500,000 are 500,000. But: homicide is a different kind of death. To die from a disease is something else than dying from the aggression of another human. As the UNODC states:  
 
Also, homicide is a different kind of death. To die from a disease is something else than dying from the aggression of another human. As the UNODC states:  
:"The study of intentional homicide is relevant not only because it is the study of the ultimate crime, whose ripple effect - efeito cascata - goes far beyond the initial loss of human life, but because lethal violence can create a climate of fear and uncertainty. Intentional homicide also victimizes the family and community of the victim, who can be considered secondary victims, and when justice is not served, impunity can lead to further victimization in the form of the denial of the basic human right to justice." (UNODC)
:"The study of intentional homicide is relevant not only because it is the study of the ultimate crime, whose ripple effect - efeito cascata - goes far beyond the initial loss of human life, but because lethal violence can create a climate of fear and uncertainty. Intentional homicide also victimizes the family and community of the victim, who can be considered secondary victims, and when justice is not served, impunity can lead to further victimization in the form of the denial of the basic human right to justice." (UNODC)


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The growing sensitivity towards animal (and plant) life and rights and the seemingly unstoppable extension of the circles of inclusion are not the whole picture, though. This compassion does not extend to those groups of humans that are seen as enemies or simply useless. Uselessness in any economic sense is the fate of a large part of the population in the post-industrial age, where robots can and will assume a lot of tasks hitherto reserved for the human labor force. According to the insightful considerations of Yuval Noah Harari, this will bring about significant changes in the fate of the masses as compared to the social development of the working class in the 19th and 20th centuries.
The growing sensitivity towards animal (and plant) life and rights and the seemingly unstoppable extension of the circles of inclusion are not the whole picture, though. This compassion does not extend to those groups of humans that are seen as enemies or simply useless. Uselessness in any economic sense is the fate of a large part of the population in the post-industrial age, where robots can and will assume a lot of tasks hitherto reserved for the human labor force. According to the insightful considerations of Yuval Noah Harari, this will bring about significant changes in the fate of the masses as compared to the social development of the working class in the 19th and 20th centuries.


The global Scandinavia will not be accessible for all. It will be reserved for a minority of people, whereas the bulk of the global population will be "useless" and hence subject to less resources and rights. As natural resources (like water) are becoming more scarce, and social resources like health care and education becomes more efficient, expensive and complex, their allocation will be more differentiated - and will result in the exclusion of the global (sub-) proletariat.  
The global Scandinavia will not be accessible for all. It will be reserved for a minority of people, whereas the bulk of the global population will be "useless" and hence subject to less resources and rights. As natural resources (like water) are becoming more scarce, and social resources like health care and education becomes more efficient, expensive and complex, their allocation will be more differentiated - and will result in the exclusion of the global (sub-) proletariat. The fight for resources has already begun (water-wars). There is a growing global sub-proletariat without economic function and with no possible integration. They do not live in a coherent territory, but within nation states and mega-cities (see crime maps). The consequence: an ever deeper cleavage between a kind of Scandinavian world of the good, rich, and beautiful - and a sad and dark world of the have-nots in terms of material wealth, education, and welfare, the new Helotes.


If we want to imagine the future, we should have a look at the emergent systems of mass control in today's world, where restrictions of access to citizenship, social services, and rights are already being tested.  
If we want to imagine the future, we should have a look at the emergent systems of mass control in today's world, where restrictions of access to citizenship, social services, and rights are already being tested.  


#Repression. Populations with decimated rights living in poverty and a de facto Hobbesian state of nature (repeated or prolonged states of emergency, suffering from extended police and military campaigns and powers, raids, maltreatment, torture, extrajudicial killings, permanent war on terror).
#'''Repression'''. Populations with decimated rights living in poverty and a de facto Hobbesian state of nature (repeated or prolonged states of emergency, suffering from extended police and military campaigns and powers, raids, maltreatment, torture, extrajudicial killings, permanent war on terror). Fragile truces will be the new normal, with deaths by political violence from above and below, including extrajudicial killings and social cleansings.
#Exclusion. Restricted citizen rights, e.g. "hukou" in China - a kind of passport system, which limits access to public services, based on the birthplace of the holder. First established in 1954 to immobilise China's large rural population, it is still a central instrument of population control. The rural population and migrant workers do not enjoy the citizenship rights that international conventions see as essential. - Divide et impera: varying types of passports with differentiated access rights for different subjugated populations. Restrictions of movement (see: Egyptian military policy in the Sinai Peninsula 2017/2018). - Withholding citizenship (Rohingy in Myanmar).
#'''Exclusion'''. With universalism retreating, parochial altruism (in-group coherence) and xenofobia are drawing new moral boundaries between classes and races. Reduced citizen rights, e.g. "hukou" in China - a kind of passport system, which limits access to public services, based on the birthplace of the holder. First established in 1954 to immobilise China's large rural population, it is still a central instrument of population control. The rural population and migrant workers do not enjoy the citizenship rights that international conventions see as essential. - Divide et impera: varying types of passports with differentiated access rights for different subjugated populations. Restrictions of movement (see: Egyptian military policy in the Sinai Peninsula 2017/2018). - Withholding citizenship (Rohingy in Myanmar). Denizenship: instead of full citizenship, the Helotes will be ruled by a differential system of entitlements and access rules, pitting them against each other through indirect rule (Bantustans, patrolled no-gone zones etc.). Resource allocation will be in the hands of the powerful and their quislings. Incursions and arbitrary arrests and killings will be embedded in that new kind of governance.
#'''New Ethics and Legal Philosophy''': While the criminal code condemns all murder, law-in-action follows a second code. By and by, what started as the split between the first and second code, will tend to be justified politically and enshrined in formal law. Extended shoot-to-kill-powers for police. See: [[Police killings]] Example: Stephon Clark. Or: Rodrigo Duterte's policy in the Philippines.  


These populations are not in chattel slavery, they are not possession of individual slave owners. Rather, they could be compared to earlier precedents where people were without rights because they were seen as possession of the state. One example that comes to mind is that of the helots (εἵλωτες), a subjugated population group that formed the main population of Laconia and Messenia, the territory controlled by ancient Sparta in the first millenium B.C.; while their exact status was disputed - some put them between free men and slaves while others called them "slaves to the utmost" - their function was clear: tied to the land, they primarily worked in agriculture and economically supported the Spartan citizens, whom they outnumbered by around seven to one. This also may explain the methods of control used by the Spartans, who regularly and even ritually mistreated, humiliated and even slaughtered helots: every autumn the Spartan ephors (a superior council of five men) would declare war on the helots so they could be killed (by the Krypteia - κρυπτεία) without fear of repercussion. All this having the effect that uprisings and attemtps to improve the helot's lot remained unsuccessful.  
These populations are not in chattel slavery, they are not possession of individual slave owners. Rather, they could be compared to earlier precedents where people were without rights because they were seen as possession of the state. One example that comes to mind is that of the helots (εἵλωτες), a subjugated population group that formed the main population of Laconia and Messenia, the territory controlled by ancient Sparta in the first millenium B.C.; while their exact status was disputed - some put them between free men and slaves while others called them "slaves to the utmost" - their function was clear: tied to the land, they primarily worked in agriculture and economically supported the Spartan citizens, whom they outnumbered by around seven to one. This also may explain the methods of control used by the Spartans, who regularly and even ritually mistreated, humiliated and even slaughtered helots: every autumn the Spartan ephors (a superior council of five men) would declare war on the helots so they could be killed (by the Krypteia - κρυπτεία) without fear of repercussion. All this having the effect that uprisings and attemtps to improve the helot's lot remained unsuccessful.  
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:Diferentemente dos escravos, os hilotas eram propriedade do Estado, que administrava a produção econômica. Durante a Cripteia um grupo de jovens espartanos era designado para assassinar líderes em potencial entre os hilotas.  
:Diferentemente dos escravos, os hilotas eram propriedade do Estado, que administrava a produção econômica. Durante a Cripteia um grupo de jovens espartanos era designado para assassinar líderes em potencial entre os hilotas.  


At present the fight for resources has already begun (water-wars). There is a growing global sub-proletariat without economic function and with no possible integration. They do not live in a coherent territory, but within nation states and mega-cities (see crime maps).
'''10. A necessary condition for the cleavage (decote, clivagem, rachadura) is the interplay between good people and those who do the dirty work.'''
 
#Fragile Truce: we are witnessing a renewed increase in deaths by political violence from above and below, including extrajudicial killings and social cleansing.
#Exclusion: with universalism retreating, parochial altruism (in-group coherence) and xenofobia are drawing new moral boundaries between classes and races.
#Denizenship: instead of full citizenship, the Helotes will be ruled by a differential system of entitlements and access rules, pitting them against each other through indirect rule (Bantustans, patrolled no-gone zones etc.). Resource allocation will be in the hands of the powerful and their quislings. Incursions and arbitrary arrests and killings will be embedded in that new kind of governance.
#Impoverishment and Oppression.
#Diminished legal status: While the criminal code condemns all murder, law-in-action follows a second code. By and by, what started as the split between the first and second code, will tend to be justified politically and enshrined in formal law. Extended shoot-to-kill-powers for police. See: [[Police killings]] Example: Stephon Clark. Or: Rodrigo Duterte's policy in the Philippines.


The consequence: an ever deeper cleavage between a kind of Scandinavian world of the good, rich, and beautiful - and a sad and dark world of the have-nots in terms of material wealth, education, and welfare, the new Helotes.
'''11. Killing in the post-human age'''


'''10. A necessary condition for the cleavage (decote, clivagem, rachadura) is the interplay between good people and those who do the dirty work.'''
Technological developments threatens the ability of humans to give meaning to their lives. Non-human intelligence may enter a scene one day and threaten the "scandinavian" super-humans as well as the new helots. As far as killings are concerned, humans can hope that the non-conscious but highly intelligent algorithms will treat them better than humans now treat their animals.


== Weblinks and Bibliography ==
== Weblinks and Bibliography ==
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*Grossman, Dave (2009). On killing: The psychological costs of learning to kill in war and society. New York: Back Bay Books
*Grossman, Dave (2009). On killing: The psychological costs of learning to kill in war and society. New York: Back Bay Books
*[http://kropfpolisci.com/cognitive.grossman.pdf Grossman, Dave (2009) On killing ....pdf]
*[http://kropfpolisci.com/cognitive.grossman.pdf Grossman, Dave (2009) On killing ....pdf]
*Harari, Yuval Noah (2016) Homo Deus. A Brief History of Tomorrow. New York: Random House. (London: Vintage).
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen_speeches Himmler, Heinrich (1943) Posen speech Oct 4. en.wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posen_speeches Himmler, Heinrich (1943) Posen speech Oct 4. en.wikipedia]
*[https://igarape.org.br/en/apps/homicide-monitor/ Homicide Monitor 2018 (Igarapé Institute)]
*[https://igarape.org.br/en/apps/homicide-monitor/ Homicide Monitor 2018 (Igarapé Institute)]
*Hugo, Victor (1829) The Last Day of a Condemned Man (Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné)
*Hugo, Victor (1829) The Last Day of a Condemned Man (Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné)
*Hughes, Everett C. (1948) Good People - Dirty Work.
*Hughes, Everett C. (1948) Good People - Dirty Work.
*Katz, Jack (1988) Seductions of Crime. New York: Basic Books. Chapter One: Righteous Slaughter.
*Kieślowski, Krzystof (1988) A short film about killing (0:38:00; 1:13:00)
*Kieślowski, Krzystof (1988) A short film about killing (0:38:00; 1:13:00)
*[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killology Killology, in: en.m.wikipedia.org]
*[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killology Killology, in: en.m.wikipedia.org]
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*[https://www.abolitionist.com/reprogramming/index.html Pearce, David (2009) Reprogramming Predators]
*[https://www.abolitionist.com/reprogramming/index.html Pearce, David (2009) Reprogramming Predators]
*[https://www.abolitionist.com/reprogramming/portugues/index.html Pearce, David (2009) Para um mundo sem crueldade. Reprogramar os Predadores]
*[https://www.abolitionist.com/reprogramming/portugues/index.html Pearce, David (2009) Para um mundo sem crueldade. Reprogramar os Predadores]
*Spierenburg, Pieter (2006) Democracy Came Too Early: A Tentative Explanation for the Problem of American Homicide. The American Historical Review 111(1):104-14.
*[https://journals.openedition.org/chs/738 Thome, Helmut (2001) Explaining long term trends in violent crime. Crime, History & Societies]
*[http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2014/aug/24/juan-williams/juan-williams-no-1-cause-death-african-americans-1/ Williams, Juan: Murder is No 1 cause of death]
*[http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2014/aug/24/juan-williams/juan-williams-no-1-cause-death-african-americans-1/ Williams, Juan: Murder is No 1 cause of death]
*[http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/violence/by-country/ Violent Death Rate by Country. World Life Expectancy.com]
*[http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/violence/by-country/ Violent Death Rate by Country. World Life Expectancy.com]
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