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== Steven F. Messner and Richard Rosenfeld ==  
== Steven F. Messner und Richard Rosenfeld ==  
 
Messner and Rosenfeld (1994) proposed a Theory of Institutional Anomie (sometimes called "American Dream" Theory) representing a radicalization of Merton's key ideas by linking Strain Theory to Social Control Theory and focusing on contradictions in both the cultural system and the opportunity structures to be pursued by everyone in a mass society dominated by huge multinational corporations. Specifically they built on the section of Merton’s strain theory dealing with emphasized goals. They seek to explain the cause of the United States’ elevated crime rate in terms of the American Dream which is a broad, cultural ethos that entails a commitment to the goal of material success, to be pursued by everyone. But if the chances for success are genuinely open to everyone, this belief creates an intense fear of failure. As did Merton, Rosenfeld and Messner (1995:141) claim that there is a causal link between the crime rate and the core values contained within the American Dream. Their argument is not only that concern for economics has come to dominate U.S. culture, but that the noneconomic institutions in society have tended to become subservient to the economy. For example, the educational system now prepares students for the job market rather than offering a general education, politicians are elected on the strength of the economy, and despite lip service to family values, workers and their families are expected to subordinate their lives to the needs of the employer. Goals other than material success such as parenting, teaching, and serving the community, are no longer considered valuable. Their work also blames the high crime rate on the institutional imbalance of power. As in the work of Merton, and Cloward and Ohlin, there is differential access to opportunity. Those individuals with the means and the power can succeed while those individuals without it are left by the wayside. The cause of crime is the anomie fostered by the American Dream and, since the emphasis is on the efficiency of the market economy, crime is often seen as the most efficient competitive strategy for making immediate material gains. The Dream also embodies the values of achievement and individualism. Achievement involves the use of material success to measure one's self-worth. Individualism refers to the notion of intense personal competition to achieve material success.


Messner und Rosenfeld (1994) radikalisierten Mertons Schlüsselideen, indem sie die Belastungstheorie und die sozialen Kontrolltheorien miteinander verbanden. Ihre Institutionelle Anomie-Theorie (IAT) geht auf die besondere Bedeutung der materiellen Erfolgsziele ein und postuliert, dass die Folge des "American Dream" unter den Bedingungen der zunehmenden Dominanz des ökonomischen Sektors zu einem institutionellen Ungleichgewicht führt, das seinerseits in mehrfacher Hinsicht kriminogene Wirkungen zeitigt.


== Literatur ==
== Literatur ==
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== Weblinks ==
== Weblinks ==
*[http://books.google.de/books?id=wOmRvWauIeoC&pg=PT157&lpg=PT157&dq=frustration+loss+negativ+stimuli&source=bl&ots=h9O_MqBow4&sig=xu7MqMLbqZfnG4ExktTmc8acFc8&hl=de&ei=rH-XTf7-HInFswad1uXCCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Kurzfassung der General Strain Theory] (02.04.2011)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_theory_(sociology) Strain Theory in der en.wikipedia] (die den Ausgangspunkt dieses Beitrags bildet)
 
*[http://criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/agnew.htm Kurzfassung der GST auf der crimtheory Seite der Florida State University]
 
*[http://books.google.de/books?id=wOmRvWauIeoC&pg=PT157&lpg=PT157&dq=frustration+loss+negativ+stimuli&source=bl&ots=h9O_MqBow4&sig=xu7MqMLbqZfnG4ExktTmc8acFc8&hl=de&ei=rH-XTf7-HInFswad1uXCCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Kurzfassung der General Strain Theory in: Siegel & Brandon: Juvenile Delinquency] (02.04.2011)
Im wesentlichen handelt es sich um eine gekürzte Version des Strain Theory Beitrags aus der en.wikipedia, die auf Übersetzung und Neustrukturierung wartet.
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