George W. Bush

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George W. (Walker) Bush (* 6.7.1946, New Haven, Connecticut), Sohn von US-Präsident George H. Bush (1989-1993) und dessen Frau Barbara (geb. Pierce), war 43. Präsident der USA (20.1.2001-20.1.2009). In seiner Amtszeit war er verantwortlich für den Krieg gegen Afghanistan (2001), gegen den Irak (2003) und gegen den Terrorismus (2001 ff.) sowie die Legalisierung der Folter im Rahmen der Terrorismusbekämpfung.

Lebenslauf

Bush machte seinen B.A. in Geschichte (1968) an der Yale University, bewarb sich erfolglos an der Universität von Texas für das Studium der Rechtswissenschaften, studierte daraufhin (1973) Betriebswirtschaft an der Harvard Universität (MBA). Er war in der Firma seiner Familie tätig, wurde wegen Alkoholexzessen auffällig (1976 ff.), heiratete (1977) und wurde nach einem vergeblichen Anlauf ins Repräsentantenhaus Gouverneur von Texas (1995-2000) sowie im Jahre 2001 US-Präsident (bis 2009).

The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against Democratic candidates, including Bush's emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry. Kerry and other Democrats attacked Bush on the war in Iraq, perceived excesses of the USA PATRIOT Act and for allegedly failing to stimulate the economy and job growth. The Bush campaign portrayed Kerry as a staunch liberal who would raise taxes and increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously criticized Kerry's seemingly contradictory statements on the war in Iraq,[35] and claimed Kerry lacked the decisiveness and vision necessary for success in the war on terrorism. Bush carried thirty-one of fifty states for a total of 286 electoral votes. He won an absolute majority of the popular vote (50.7% to his opponent's 48.3%).[67] The last President to win an absolute majority of the popular vote had been Bush's father in the 1988 election. Additionally, it was the first time since Herbert Hoover's election in 1928 that a Republican president was elected alongside re-elected Republican congressional majorities in both Houses. Bush's 2.5% margin of victory was the narrowest for a victorious incumbent President up for re-election since Woodrow Wilson's 3.1% margin of victory against Charles Evans Hughes in 1916. Presidency

Bush began his presidency with approval ratings near 50%.[172] Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Bush gained an approval rating of greater than 85%, maintaining 80–90% approval for four months after the attacks. Since then, his approval ratings and approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues have steadily dropped. Bush has received heavy criticism for his handling of the Iraq War, his response to Hurricane Katrina and to the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, NSA warrantless surveillance, Plame affair and Guantanamo Bay detention camp controversies.[173] A March 13, 2008 poll by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press reported that 53% of Americans—a slim majority—believe that "the U.S. will ultimately succeed in achieving its goals" in Iraq.[174] That figure is up from 42 percent in September 2007 and the highest it has been since 2006.[174] In May 2004, Gallup reported that 89% of the Republican electorate approved of Bush.[175] This support has since waned, however, due mostly to a minority of Republicans' frustration with him on issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs.[176] Within the United States Military, the president was strongly supported in the 2004 presidential elections.[177] When compared with Democratic challenger John Kerry, 73% of military personnel said that they would vote for Bush, versus 18% for Kerry.[177] According to Peter Feaver, a Duke University political scientist who has studied the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed services supported Bush because they found him more likely to prosecute the War in Iraq than Kerry.[177]

Bush's approval rating has been below the 50% mark in AP-Ipsos polling since December 2004.[178] Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37% approval ratings for Bush;[179] the lowest for any second term president in this point of term since Harry S. Truman in March 1951, when his approval rating was 28%,[178][180] which contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party in the 2006 mid-term elections.[181] Throughout 2007, Bush's approval rating hovered in the mid-thirties percentile,[182] although in a Reuters poll of October 17, 2007, Bush received a lower approval rating of 24%,[183] the lowest point of his presidency.[184] In response to the numbers, during a February 10, 2008 interview on Fox News Sunday Bush stated, "I frankly don't give a damn about the polls".[185] By April 2008, Bush's disapproval ratings were the highest ever recorded in the 70-year history of the Gallup poll for any president, with 69% of those polled disapproving of the job Bush was doing as president and 28% approving.[186] In September 2008, Bush's approval rating ranges from 19%[187] to 34% in polls performed by different agencies.[188] In 2006, 744 professional historians surveyed by Siena College regarded Bush's presidency as follows: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%.[189] Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said that "In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do."[189] Similar outcomes were retrieved by two informal surveys done by the History News Network in 2004[190] and 2008.[191] The historian who organized the HNN polls said of the results: "It is in no sense a scientific sample of historians. The participants are self-selected, although participation was open to all historians. Among those who responded are several of the nation’s most respected historians, including Pulitzer and Bancroft Prize winners."[191] In response to the "worst president" accusations,[192][193] Bush said, "to assume that historians can figure out the effect of the Bush administration before the Bush administration has ended is... in my mind... not an accurate reflection upon how history works."[185] Calls for Bush's impeachment have been made, though most polls have shown a plurality of Americans do not support impeachment.[194] The reasoning behind impeachment usually centers on the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy,[195] the Bush administration's justification for the war in Iraq,[196] and alleged violations of the Geneva Conventions.[197] Representative Dennis Kucinich, a Democrat from Ohio, introduced 35 articles of impeachment on the floor of the House of Representatives against President Bush on June 9, 2008, but Speaker Nancy Pelosi has said that impeachment is "off the table".[198] Bush's intellectual capacity has been satirized by the media,[199] comedians, and other politicians.[200] Detractors tended to cite linguistic errors made by Bush during his public speeches, which are colloquially termed as Bushisms.[201] Some publications refer to Bush as "The worst president ever."[202][203][204][205][206] In 2000 and again in 2004, Time magazine named George W. Bush as its Person of the Year, a title awarded to someone who the editors believe "for better or for worse,... has done the most to influence the events of the year."[207] Foreign policy Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration

President George W. Bush, then-President of Mexico Vicente Fox and Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper stand in front of "El Castillo" in Chichen Itza, March 30, 2006 During his campaign for election as President, Bush's foreign policy platform included support for a stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in "nation-building" and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued a national missile defense.[208] In response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, President Bush launched the War on Terrorism, in which the United States military and an international coalition invaded Afghanistan.[209] In 2003, President Bush launched the invasion of Iraq, which President Bush viewed as being part of the War on Terrorism.[210] Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq as well as the deaths of many Iraqis, with surveys indicating between four hundred thousand to over one million dead, excluding the tens of thousands of civilians in Afghanistan.[211][212][213] Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser Karen Hughes to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine. In March 2006, he visited India, leading to renewed ties between the two countries, particularly in areas of nuclear energy and counter-terrorism cooperation.[214] Midway through Bush's second term, it was questioned whether Bush was retreating from his freedom and democracy agenda, highlighted in policy changes toward some oil-rich former Soviet republics in central Asia.[215] September 11, 2001 Main article: September 11 attacks

President Bush addresses rescue workers at Ground Zero in New York, September 14, 2001 The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the Oval Office, promising a strong response to the attacks but emphasizing the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the victims. On September 14, he visited Ground Zero, meeting with Mayor Rudy Giuliani and firefighters, police officers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing on a heap of rubble, resulting in applause: “ I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon.[216] ” In a September 20, 2001 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or... share in their fate."[217] War on Terrorism Main article: War on Terrorism After September 11, Bush announced a global War on Terrorism. The Afghan Taliban regime was not forthcoming with Osama bin Laden, so Bush ordered the invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban regime.[218] In his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, he asserted that an "axis of evil" consisting of North Korea, Iran, and Iraq was "arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a grave and growing danger".[219] The Bush Administration proceeded to assert a right and intention to engage in preemptive war, also called preventive war, in response to perceived threats.[220] This would form a basis for what became known as the Bush Doctrine. The broader "War on Terror", allegations of an "axis of evil", and, in particular, the doctrine of preemptive war, began to weaken the unprecedented levels of international and domestic support for Bush and United States action against al Qaeda following the September 11 attacks.[221] Some national leaders alleged abuse by U.S. troops and called for the U.S. to shut down the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and other such facilities. Dissent from, and criticism of, Bush's leadership in the War on Terror increased as the war in Iraq expanded.[222][223][224] In 2006, a National Intelligence Estimate expressed the combined opinion of the United States' own intelligence agencies, concluding that the Iraq War had become the "cause celebre for jihadists" and that the jihad movement was growing.[225][226] Afghanistan Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

President George W. Bush and President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan appear together in 2006 at a joint news conference at the Presidential Palace in Kabul. On October 7, 2001, U.S. and Australian forces initiated bombing campaigns that led to the arrival on November 13 of Northern Alliance troops in Kabul. The main goals of the war were to defeat the Taliban, drive al Qaeda out of Afghanistan, and capture key al Qaeda leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the Taliban had been defeated[227] but cautioned that the war would go on to continue weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders.[227] Later that month the UN had installed the Afghan Interim Authority chaired by Hamid Karzai.[228][229] Efforts to kill or capture al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as he escaped a battle in December 2001 in the mountainous region of Tora Bora, which the Bush Administration later acknowledged to have resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.[230] Bin Laden and al Qaeda's number two leader, Ayman al-Zawahiri, as well as the leader of the Taliban, Mohammed Omar, remain at large. Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds and recruits.[231] In 2006, the Taliban insurgency appeared larger, fiercer and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied offensives such as Operation Mountain Thrust attaining limited success.[232][233][234] As a result, President Bush commissioned 3,500 additional troops to the country in March 2007.[235] Iraq Main article: Iraq War Beginning with his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, Bush began publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "axis of evil" allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and growing danger" to U.S. interests through possession of weapons of mass destruction.[219] In the latter half of 2002, CIA reports contained assertions of Saddam Hussein's intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for Iraqi biological and chemical weapons, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the UN sanctions.[236][237] Claims that the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually become a major point of criticism for the president.[238][239] In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In November 2002, Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq, but were forced to depart the country four days prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests for more time to complete their tasks.[240] The U.S. initially sought a UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of military force but dropped the bid for UN approval due to vigorous opposition from several countries.[241]

President Bush, with Naval Flight Officer Lieutenant Ryan Philips, in the flight suit he wore for his televised arrival and speech aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln in 2003. The war effort was joined by more than 20 other nations (most notably the United Kingdom), designated the "coalition of the willing".[242] The invasion of Iraq commenced on March 20, 2003 and the Iraqi military was quickly defeated. The capital, Baghdad, fell on April 9, 2003. On May 1, Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. The initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups; Bush's "Mission Accomplished" speech was later criticized as premature.[243] From 2004 through 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, with some observers arguing that the country was engaged in a full scale civil war.[244] Bush's policies met with criticism, including demands domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. The 2006 report of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, led by James Baker, concluded that the situation in Iraq was "grave and deteriorating". While Bush admitted that there were strategic mistakes made in regards to the stability of Iraq,[245] he maintained he would not change the overall Iraq strategy.[246][247]

President Bush shakes hands with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. In January 2005, free, democratic elections were held in Iraq for the first time in fifty years.[248] According to Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie, "This is the greatest day in the history of this country."[248] Bush praised the event as well, saying that the Iraqis "have taken rightful control of their country's destiny."[248] This led to the election of Jalal Talabani as President and Nouri al-Maliki as Prime Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve a constitution in Iraq were held in October 2005, supported by the majority Shiites and many Kurds.[249] On January 10, 2007 Bush addressed the nation from the Oval Office regarding the situation in Iraq. In his speech he announced a surge of 21,500 more troops for Iraq, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs.[250] On May 1, 2007, Bush used his veto for only the second time in his presidency, rejecting a congressional bill setting a deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops.[251] Five years after the invasion, Bush called the debate over the conflict "understandable" but insisted that a continued U.S. presence there is crucial.[252] In March 2008 Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to launch the Battle of Basra against the Mahdi Army, calling it "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".[253] He said he will carefully weigh recommendations from his commanders General David Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker about how to proceed after the military buildup ends in the summer of 2008. He also praised the Iraqis' legislative achievements, including a pension law, a revised de-Baathification law, a new budget, an amnesty law and a provincial powers measure that, he said, sets the stage for the Iraqi governorate elections, 2008.[254] On July 31, 2008, Bush announced that with the end of July, American troop deaths had reached their lowest number—thirteen—since the war began in 2003.[255] Due to increased stability in Iraq, Bush announced the withdrawal of additional American forces, which reflected an emerging consensus between the White House and the Pentagon that the war has "turned a corner".[255] He also described what he saw as the success of the 2007 troop surge.[255] North Korea Main article: North Korea–United States relations Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-il of North Korea, naming North Korea one of three states in an "axis of evil," and saying that "the United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."[219] Within months, "both countries had walked away from their respective commitments under the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework of October 1994."[256] North Korea's October 9, 2006 detonation of a nuclear device further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which centered for both terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world."[219] Bush condemned North Korea's claims, reaffirmed his commitment to "a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula," and stated that "transfer of nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to the United States," for which North Korea would be held accountable.[257] On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the United States and including China.[258] On September 2, 2007, North Korea agreed to disclose and dismantle all of its nuclear programs by the end of 2007.[259] Syria President Bush has been supportive of expanding economic sanctions on Syria.[260] In early 2007, the Treasury Department, acting on a June 2005 executive order, froze American bank accounts of Syria's Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bush's order prohibits Americans from doing business with these institutions suspected of helping spread weapons of mass destruction[261] and being supportive of terrorism.[262] Under separate executive orders signed by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of activities to "undermine the legitimate political process in Lebanon" in November 2007. Those designated included: Assaad Halim Hardan, a member of Lebanon's parliament and current leader of the Syrian Socialist National Party; Wi'am Wahhab, a former member of Lebanon's government (Minister of the Environment) under Prime Minister Omar Karami (2004-2005); Hafiz Makhluf, a colonel and senior official in the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate and a cousin of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad; and Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik, identified as a close adviser to Assad.[263] Foreign perceptions

President Bush with President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in late 2006 President Bush has been criticized internationally and targeted by the global anti-war and anti-globalization campaigns, particularly for his administration's foreign policy.[264][265] Views of him within the international community are more negative than previous American Presidents, with France[266] largely opposed to what he advocates and public opinion in Britain, an American ally since World War II, largely against him.[citation needed] Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships with Tony Blair and Vicente Fox, although formal relations were sometimes strained.[267][268][269] Other leaders, such as Afghan president Hamid Karzai,[270] Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni,[271] Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero,[272] and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez,[273] have openly criticized the president. Later in Bush's presidency, tensions arose between himself and Vladimir Putin, which has led to a cooling of their relationship.[274] In 2006, a majority of respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush, which is not to be confused with opinions toward the American people. Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as negative for world security.[275][276] In 2007, the Pew Global Attitudes Project reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the United States and the American people become less favorable around the world.[277]

President Bush presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Pope John Paul II during a visit to the Vatican, June 2004 A March 2007 survey of Arab opinion conducted by Zogby International and the University of Maryland found that Bush is the most disliked leader in the Arab world. More than three times as many respondents registered their dislike for Bush as for the second most unpopular leader, Ariel Sharon.[278] The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that out of 47 countries, a majority of respondents expressed "a lot of confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush in only nine countries: Israel, India, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria and Uganda.[279] During a June 2007 visit to Albania Bush was greeted enthusiastically. The mostly Islamic Eastern European nation with a population of 3.6 million has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan and the country's government is highly supportive of American foreign policy.[280] A huge image of the President now hangs in the middle of the capital city of Tirana flanked by Albanian and American flags.[281] The Bush administration's support for the independence of Albanian-majority Kosovo, while endearing him to the Albanians, has troubled U.S. relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the U.S. embassy in Belgrade.[282] Assassination attempt On May 10, 2005, Vladimir Arutyunian threw a live hand grenade toward a podium where Bush was speaking at Freedom Square in Tbilisi, Georgia. Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili was seated nearby. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet (20 m) from the podium after hitting a girl, but it did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005, confessed, was convicted and was given a life sentence in January 2006.[283] Other issues

Bush, Mahmoud Abbas, and Ariel Sharon meet at the Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003 President Bush withdrew U.S. support for several international agreements, including the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) with Russia. Bush emphasized a careful approach to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians; he denounced Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat for alleged support of violence, but sponsored dialogs between prime ministers Ariel Sharon and Mahmoud Abbas. Bush supported Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic elections held in Palestine after Arafat's death. On 14 December 2008, Muntadhar al-Zaidi, an Iraqi news reporter, hurled his shoes at President Bush during an unexpected press conference in Baghdad. Bush swiftly ducked the flying footwear and later told reporters aboard Air Force One that the "bizarre" incident was not a sign of popular opinion in Iraq. Hurling any object is a form of hostility, but in Arab culture, throwing a shoe or striking someone with one is the ultimate form of contempt. al-Zaidi was hauled off by Iraqi officials. "I don't know what the guy said, but I saw his sole," the president joked. Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following the stand-off in April 2001 with the People's Republic of China over the Hainan Island incident, when an EP-3E Aries II surveillance aircraft collided with one of China's People's Liberation Army Air Force jet, leading to the detention of U.S. personnel.

Ukrainian PM Yulia Tymoshenko meeting with President Bush on April 1, 2008. In 2003–2004, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia to protect U.S. interests. In his State of the Union Address in January 2003, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this effort—$3 billion per year for five years—but requested less in annual budgets.[284] Bush condemned the attacks by militia forces on the people of Darfur, and denounced the killings in Sudan as genocide.[285] Bush said that an international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but opposed referring the situation to the International Criminal Court. On June 10, 2007, he met with Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha and became the first president to visit Albania.[286] Bush has voiced his support for the independence of Kosovo.[287] In 2002, Bush was the first American president to officially open a Winter Olympic Games. Departing from previous practice, he stood among a group of U.S. athletes rather than from a ceremonial stand or box, saying: "On behalf of a proud, determined, and grateful nation, I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City, celebrating the Olympic Winter Games."[288] In 2008, in the course of a good-will trip to Asia, he attended the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.[289] Supreme Court appointments Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates Following the announcement of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement on July 1, 2005, Bush nominated John G. Roberts to succeed her. On September 5, following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, this nomination was withdrawn and Bush instead nominated Roberts for Chief Justice to succeed Rehnquist. Roberts was confirmed by the Senate as the 17th Chief Justice on September 29, 2005. On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers for O'Connor's position; after facing significant opposition, her name was withdrawn on October 27. Four days later, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge Samuel Alito for the position and he was confirmed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006. Post presidency

Following the inauguration of Barack Obama, former President Bush and his family boarded a presidential helicopter typically used as Marine One to travel to Andrews Air Force Base.[290] The flight aboard former Marine One was designated Executive One for the flight to Andrews Air Force Base.[291] The Bushes then boarded one of two airplanes used as Air Force One for a flight to Midland, Texas for a homecoming celebration. However, for this flight, it used the designation of Special Air Mission 28000.[292] After arriving in Midland, the Bushes returned to their ranch in Crawford.[290] The Bushes recently bought a home in the Preston Hollow neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, where they will settle down.[293] See also

Literatur

• Ephron, Nora (2005) What's Eating George Bush? The Huffington Post. Oct. 31; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nora-ephron/whats-eating-george-bush_b_9919.html